BENCHBOOK FOR TRIAL COURT JUDGES

Benchbook [ TABLE OF CONTENTS ]
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INTRODUCTION
I.
JUDICIAL POWER AND THE ROLE OF THE JUDICIARY
i-1
II. 
HOW TO USE THE BENCHBOOK
i-2
A.
The Benchbook as Judge’s Guide
i-3
B. 
Organization of the Benchbook
i-3
C.
Benchbook Citations
i-5
OUTLINE OF JURISDICTION
I. 
SUPREME COURT
1-1
A.
Original
1-1
1. 
Exclusive
1-1
2. 
Concurrent
1-1
B. 
Appellate
1-2
1. 
Notice of appeal
1-2
2.
Petition for review on certiorari
1-2
3. 
Special civil action of certiorari
1-2
II. 
COURT OF APPEALS
1-3
A. 
Original
1-3
1. 
Exclusive
1-3
2. 
Concurrent
1-3
B. 
Appellate
1-3
1. 
Ordinary appeal by notice of appeal or record on appeal
1-3
2. 
Petition for review
1-3
III. 
SANDIGANBAYAN
1-4
A.
Original
1-4
1.
Exclusive
1-4
2. 
Concurrent with Supreme Court
1-5
B. 
Appellate
1-5
IV. 
REGIONAL TRIAL COURTS
1-5
A. 
Original
1-5
1.
Civil
1-5
2. 
Criminal
1-7
B.
Appellate
1-7
V. 
FAMILY COURTS
1-7
A. 
Exclusive and Original
1-7
VI. 
METROPOLITAN TRIAL COURTS, MUNICIPAL TRIAL COURTS AND MUNICIPAL CIRCUIT TRIAL COURTS
1-8
A. 
Original
1-8
1. 
Civil
1-8
2. 
Criminal
1-9
3. 
Summary procedure
1-10
CIVIL
PROCEDURE		 PART ONE
ORDINARY CIVIL ACTIONS
I. 
CASE BEGINS WITH THE FILING OF COMPLAINT
2-1
A. 
Preliminary
2-1
1. 
Definition of complaint
2-1
2.
Requirements
2-1
B. 
Filing of Complaint
2-3
1. 
Manner
2-3
2. 
Payment of docket and other lawful fees
2-4
II. 
COURT ACQUIRES JURISDICTION OVER THE PARTIES
2-5
A.
Modes of Service of Summons
2-5
1. 
Personal service
2-5
2. 
Substituted service
2-5
3. 
Constructive service (By Publication)
2-7
4.
Extraterritorial service, when allowed
2-8
B. 
Effect of Lack of Summons
2-9
III.
INCIDENTS AFTER COURT HAS ACQUIRED JURISDICTION OVER THE PARTIES
2-10
A.
Preliminary
2-10
B. 
Rules on the Specific Incidents
2-10
1. 
Notice of dismissal of complaint
2-10
2. 
Amended complaint
2-11
3.
Supplemental complaint
2-11
4.
Deposition
2-12
5.
Written interrogatories upon defendant
2-12
6. 
Request for admission
2-13
7. 
Production or inspection of document or things
2-13
8. 
Physical and mental examination of a party
2-13
9. 
Consequences of refusal
2-13
10.
Default
2-14
11. 
Extension of time to file responsive pleading
2-16
12. 
Bill of particulars
2-17
13. 
Motion to dismiss
2-17
IV. 
JOINDER OF ISSUES
2-29
A.
Filing of Answer
2-29
1.
Time to plead
2-29
2. 
Strict observance of the period
2-30
3. 
Effect of failure to plead
2-30
B. 
Counterclaim
2-31
1. 
Definition
2-31
2 
Difference between permissive and compulsory counterclaim
2-31
3. 
Cognate rules
2-32
V.
PRE-TRIAL
2-33
A. 
Concept of Pre-Trial
2-33
1.
Concept of pre-trial
2-33
2. 
Purpose of pre-trial
2-33
3. 
Administrative Circular No. 3-99
2-34
4. 
The pre-trial order
2-35
VI. 
TRIAL
2-36
A. 
Administrative Circular No. 3-99
2-36
B. 
Some Rules
2-38
VII.
ADJUDICATION
2-40
A. 
Concept and Requirements
2-40
B. 
Kinds of Judgment and Definitions
2-40
1. 
Without reception of evidence
2-40
2. 
With partial reception of evidence
2-41
C. 
Cases on Summary Judgments
2-41
D. 
Ordinary Judgment
2-43
VIII. 
REMEDIES AGAINST JUDGMENT AND FINAL ORDERS
2-46
A
Kinds of Remedies
2-46
1. 
Before finality of judgments or final orders
2-46
2. 
After finality of judgments or final orders
2-46
B. 
Motion for Reconsideration and New Trial
2-46
1. 
Common rules
2-46
2. 
Motion for reconsideration
2-47
3. 
Motion for new trial
2-47
C.
Appeal
2-50
1. 
General principles
2-50
D.
Modes of Appeal
2-52
E. 
Cognate Rules
2-53
1.
General rule
2-53
2. 
Difference between question of fact and question of law
2-53
3. 
Notice of appeal
2-53
4. 
Record on appeal
2-54
5. 
Perfection of appeal
2-54
6. 
Effect of perfection of appeal
2-54
7. 
Period to appeal
2-55
IX.
EXECUTION OF JUDGMENTS AND FINAL ORDERS
2-56
A. 
Basic Concepts and Doctrines
2-56
1. 
Definition
2-56
2. 
Kinds of execution
2-56
3. 
When writ of execution may be quashed
2-57
4. 
Execution of final judgments and orders
2-57
5. 
Specific rules
2-58
6. 
Levy and garnishment
2-59
7. 
Rules on redemption
2-61
8. 
Rules in deed of possession
2-62
       
CIVIL
  PROCEDURE		 PART TWO
PROVISIONAL REMEDIES
       
  I.  COMMON RULES
2-63
    A.  Attachment
2-64
      1. 
Definition
2-64
      2. 
Concept and purpose
2-64
      3. 
Nature and scope
2-64
      4. 
Strict compliance with the rule
2-65
      5. 
Attachment to acquire jurisdiction over the res
2-65
      6. 
Stages in the issuance of the writ
2-65
      7. 
Orders in provisional remedies
2-66
      8. 
Important jurisprudential rules
2-67
    B.  Preliminary Injunction and Temporary Restraining Order
2-68
      1. 
Two kinds of preliminary injunction
2-68
      2. 
Purpose
2-69
      3. 
Definition of status quo
2-69
      4.  Independent action to obtain preliminary injunction
2-70
      5. 
Essential requisites for issuance of preliminary injunction
2-70
      6. 
Rulings
2-70
      7. 
Summary denial without adequate hearing proper
2-70
      8. 
When hearing on the merits unnecessary
2-71
      9. 
Cases where injunction was held improper
2-71
      10. Exceptions
2-73
      11. Cases where injunction prohibited
2-73
      12. Cases where criminal prosecutions were enjoined
2-73
      13. Mandatory injunction
2-74
      14. 
Cases where mandatory injunction not granted
2-74
      15. 
Injunction against courts or tribunals of equal rank is prohibited
2-75
     
16. 
Statutory prohibitions against the issuance of a writ of preliminary injunction
2-75
     
17.
 Injunctions not issued where act sought to be prevented had been committed
2-77
     
18. 
No injunction beyond prayer in complaint
2-78
     
19.
 Temporary restraining order
2-78
    D.  Receivership
2-79
      1. 
Appointment of a receiver
2-79
      2. 
Specific situations when a receiver may be appointed
2-79
    E.  Replevin
2-80
      1. 
Steps in the issuance and implementation of a writ of replevin
2-80
      2.   Notes
2-80
      3. 
Return of property under writ of replevin
2-81
    F.  Support Pendente Lite
2-81
      1. 
Notes and cases
2-81
       
CIVIL
  PROCEDURE		 PART THREE
SPECIAL CIVIL ACTIONS
     
  I.  THE DIFFERENT SPECIAL CIVIL ACTIONS
2-83
    A.  Interpleader
2-83
      1. 
Requisites
2-83
      2. Decisional rules
2-83
      3. 
Procedural peculiarities
2-84
    B. Declaratory Relief and Similar Remedies
2-84
      1. 
Requisites
2-84
      2.
Procedural peculiarities
2-85
      3.
Declaratory relief improper in the following cases
2-85
    C. Certiorari
2-86
      1. 
Requisites
2-86
      2. 
Terminology
2-86
      3.
When not proper
2-86
      4.
Exceptions to requirements before certiorari can be availed of
2-87
      5.
Requirements regarding the extrinsic sufficiency of the petition
2-87
      6.
Time to file
2-88
      7.
Decisions
2-88
    D. Prohibition
2-88
      1.
Requisites
2-88
      2.
Decisional rules
2-88
    E.  Quo Warranto
2-89
      1.
Definition
2-89
      2.
Quo Warranto as distinguished from election contest
2-89
      3.
Peculiarities of proceedings
2-89
    F. Expropriation
2-90
      1.
Requisites for exercise of right
2-90
      2.
Two stages in expropriation proceedings
2-90
    G. Foreclosure of Real Estate Mortgage
2-90
      1.
Judgment in a foreclosure proceeding
2-90
      2.
Distinction between right of redemption and equity of redemption
2-91
      3.
Writ of possession in judicial foreclosure
2-91
      4.
Deficiency judgment
2-91
    H. Partition
2-92
      1.
Two stages of the action
2-92
      2.
Prescription of action
2-92
      3.
Some decisions
2-93
    I. Forcible Entry and Unlawful Detainer
2-93
      1.
Nature of accion interdictal
2-93
      2.
Immediate execution and how to stay it
2-93
      3.
Important decisional rules on unlawful detainer
2-94
    J. Contempt
2-96
      1.
Two kinds of contempt
2-97
      2. 
Two aspects of contempt
2-97
      3.
Decisions
2-97
      4.
Necessity of hearing
2-97
      5.
Contempt by non-party
2-98
     
6. 
Power to punish for contempt to be exercised in preservative not vindictive principle; what constitutes disobedience
2-98
  ANNEX: TABLES
2-99
   
Table 1
Differences among Provisional Remedies
   
Table 2
Basic Characteristics of Provisional Remedies
   
Table 3
Differences of Bonds in Provisional Remedies
   
Table 4
Differences of Counterbonds in Provisional Remedies
   
Table 5
Differences among the Modes of Appeal
   
Table 6
Differences between Certiorari, Prohibition and Mandamus
   
Table 7
Differences between Prohibition and Injunction
   
Table 8
Differences between Forcible Entry and Unlawful Detainer.
       
SPECIAL PROCEEDINGS  
 
       
 
I.
INTRODUCTION
3-1
 
A. 
Definition of Terms
3-1
 
B. 
Rules That Govern Special Proceedings
3-4
 
C.
The Special Proceedings Provided in the Rules of Court
3-5
 
D.
Special Proceedings Under Various Laws
3-5
 
E.
Jurisdiction of Family Courts
3-6
 
II.
SETTLEMENT OF ESTATE OF DECEASED PERSONS
3-8
 
A.
In General
3-8
 
1.
Jurisdiction and venue
3-8
 
2.
Kinds of settlement
3-9
 
3.
Extrajudicial settlement
3-9
 
4.
Summary settlement of estates of small value
3-10
 
5.
Judicial settlement with letters testamentary or with letters of administration
3-11
 
B.
Probate of Wills
3-12
 
1.
Will, explained
3-12
 
2.
Time to submit to the court
3-13
 
3.
Procedure in the probate of a will
3-14
 
C.
Executors and Administrators
3-17
 
1.
Requirements For The Issuance of Letters Testamentary and of Letters of Administration
3-17
 
2.
Appointment of Executors (who may become executors)
3-17
 
3.
Appointment of administrators; priorities
3-18
 
4.
Appointment of special administrators
3-18
 
5.
Bond of administrator or executor
3-20
 
6.
General powers and duties of executors and administrators
3-21
 
7.
Inventory and appraisal
3-21
 
8.
Sales and mortgages
3-22
 
9.
Actions by and against executors and administrators
3-24
 
10.
Money claims against the estate; notice to creditors
3-26
 
11.
Payment of debts
3-29
 
12
Accountability and compensation of executors and administrators
3-31
 
D.
Distribution and Partition
3-34
 
1.
When distribution is made
3-34
 
2.
Partial distribution, when paying estate taxes
3-35
 
3.
Expenses of partition
3-35
 
4.
Project of partition
3-35
 
5.
Final order of partition; recording of order of partition of estate
3-35
 
III.
GUARDIANS
3-36
 
A.
Necessity for guardianship 
3-36
 
1.
“Incompetent” as subject of guardianship
3-36
 
2.
Parents as guardians
3-36
 
B.
Jurisdiction and Venue
3-36
 
1.
Where to file petition for guardianship
3-36
 
2.
Transfer of venue
3-37
 
C.
Petition for Guardianship
3-37
 
1.
Who may file
3-37
 
2.
Contents of petition
3-37
 
3.
Notice of hearing
3-37
 
4.
Grounds for opposition
3-38
 
5.
Order
3-38
 
6.
Guardian for the estate of a non-resident
3-38
 
D.
Guardian’s Bond
3-38
 
1.
New bond
3-38
 
2.
Bond to be filed; actions thereon
3-38
 
E.
General Powers and Duties
3-39
 
F.
Sale or Encumbrance
3-40
 
G.
Petition for Termination of Guardianship
3-40
 
IV.
ADOPTION
3-41
 
A.
Governing Laws
3-41
 
B.
Petition for Adoption
3-43
 
1.
Who may adopt
3-43
 
2.
Jurisdictional venue
3-44
 
3.
Subjects of adoption
3-44
 
4.
Aliens
3-44
 
5.
Joint adoption
3-45
 
6.
Age difference
3-45
 
7.
Procedure
3-45
 
8.
Civil registry record
3-48
 
9.
Confidential nature of proceedings
3-48
 
10.
Service of judgment
3-48
 
C.
Rescission of Adoption
3-49
 
1.
Grounds for rescission
3-49
 
2.
Who may file
3-49
 
3.
Time to file petition
3-49
 
4.
Procedure
3-49
 
5.
Service of judgment
3-50
 
D.
Inter-Country Adoption
3-50
 
1.
Adoption by aliens
3-50
 
2.
The law and the implementing rules and regulations
3-50
 
3.
The process
3-50
 
4.
A legally free child
3-50
 
5.
Adopters
3-51
 
6.
Application
3-51
 
7.
Functions of the RTC
3-51
 
8.
Resident Aliens
3-51
 
9.
Case rulings
3-52
 
V.
CUSTODY OF MINORS
3-53
 
A.
Jurisdiction
3-53
 
B.
Children Under Seven Years of Age
3-53
 
C.
Child Abuse
3-53
 
1.
Protective custody
3-54
 
2.
Special court proceedings
3-54
 
3.
When parents are separated
3-54
 
D.
Special Provisional Remedies
3-55
 
1.
Restraining order
3-55
 
2.
Temporary custody
3-55
 
3.
Support pendente lite
3-56
 
E.
Foster Care
3-56
 
F.
Dependent, Abandoned or Neglected Children
3-56
 
1.
Involuntary commitment
3-56
 
2.
Voluntary commitment
3-56
 
3.
Various other provisions
3-57
 
4.
Special children
3-57
 
VI.
HABEAS CORPUS
3-58
 
A.
Definition and Nature
3-58
 
B.
Functions and Scope of Writ
3-58
 
C.
Grounds for Relief
3-58
 
1.
Deprivation of fundamental or constitutional rights
3-58
 
2.
Lack of jurisdiction of the court to impose the sentence
3-58
 
3.
Excessive penalty
3-59
 
D.
Power to Grant Writ; Enforceability
3-59
 
E.
Requisites of Application
3-59
 
F.
Procedure (issuance of writ and return)
3-59
 
G
Discharge of Person Detained
3-59
 
VII.
ESCHEATS
3-60
 
A.
Meaning
3-60
 
B.
Procedure
3-60
 
1.
When filed
3-60
 
2.
Who files petition
3-60
 
3.
Where filed
3-60
 
4.
Contents of petition
3-60
 
5.
Order of hearing
3-61
 
6.
Publication
3-61
 
7.
Judgment
3-61
 
C.
Permanent Trust
3-61
 
D.
Claim Within Five Years
3-62
 
E.
Other Actions For Escheat
3-62
 
VIII.
CHANGE OF NAME
3-63
 
A.
Name Defined
3-63
 
1.
Minor
3-63
 
2.
Resident aliens
3-63
 
B.
Procedure
3-63
 
1.
Venue
3-63
 
2.
Petition
3-63
 
3.
Hearing
3-64
 
C.
Case Rulings
3-64
 
1.
Joinder or causes of action
3-64
 
2.
Resumption of use of maiden name after divorce
3-64
 
3.
Absence of cause
3-64
 
4.
Causes for change of name
3-64
 
5.
Erasing signs of former nationality
3-65
 
6.
Resulting confusion
3-65
 
7.
Improving personality or social standing
3-65
 
8.
Legitimate minor child
3-65
 
IX.
ABSENTEES
3-67
 
A.
Basic Concepts
3-67
 
1.
Provisional representative
3-67
 
2.
Trustee or administrator
3-67
 
3.
Notice and publication required
3-67
 
4.
Preferences
3-67
 
5.
Termination
3-67
 
X.
CANCELLATION OR CORRECTION OF ENTRIES IN THE CIVIL REGISTRY
 
XI
SUMMARY PROCEEDINGS UNDER THE FAMILY CODE
3-69
 
A.
Summary Proceedings Under the Family Code
3-69
 
1.
Rationale
3-69
 
2.
Procedural rules
3-69
 
3.
Coverage
3-69
 
4.
Procedure
3-70
 
XII
TRUSTEES
3-72
 
A.
Basic Concepts
3-72
 
1.
Appointment
3-72
 
2.
Venue
3-72
 
3.
Notice
3-72
 
4.
Bond, inventory and sale of trust estate
3-72
 
XIII
PROCEEDINGS FOR THE HOSPITALIZATION OF INSANE PERSONS
3-73
 
XIV
OTHER SPECIAL PROCEEDINGS
3-74
 
A.
Voluntary Distribution of Corporations
3-74
 
B.
Judicial Approval of Voluntary Recognition of Minor Natural Children
3-75
 
C.
Constitution of the Family Home
3-77
 
XV
APPEALS IN SPECIAL PROCEEDINGS
3-78
 
A.
Appealability
3-78
 
B.
Who May Appeal
3-78
 
C.
Perfection of Appeal
3-79
 
D.
Advanced Distribution
3-80
         
CRIMINAL
PROCEDURE		 PART ONE
PROCEURE IN TRIAL COURTS
         
I.
JURISDICTION IN CRIMINAL CASES
4-1
A.
Introduction
4-1
1.
Criminal jurisdiction defined
4-1
2.
Elements
4-1
B.
Requisites For Its Valid Exercise
4-1
C.
Jurisdiction Determined by Allegations of Complaint or Information
4-2
D.
Jurisdiction Over Complex Crimes
4-3
E.
Crimes Punishable by Destierro
4-3
II. 
TERRITORIAL JURISDICTION
4-4
A. 
General Rule
4-4
B. 
Jurisdiction Over the Person of Accused
4-4
C.
Criminal Jurisdiction of Municipal Trial Courts
4-4
D. 
Cases Governed by the Summary Rules
4-8
E. 
Cases Governed by the Regular Rules
4-8
F.
Damage to Property Through Criminal Negligence
4-11
G. 
Special Jurisdiction in Certain Cases
4-11
III. 
PROSECUTION OF OFFENSES
4-12
A.
Institution of Criminal Action
412
1. 
Prosecution of offenses is instituted either by complaint or information
4-12
2.
Procedure for institution of criminal actions
4-12
3. 
Who must prosecute criminal actions
4-13
4.
Recovery of civil liability
4-13
5. 
Prosecution of private crimes
4-13
B. 
Distinction Between Control of Prosecution and Control of Court
4-14
1. 
Control by prosecution
4-14
2. 
Control by court once case is filed
4-14
3. 
Limitations on control by court
4-15
C.
Testing Sufficiency of Complaint or Information
4-15
D.
Strict Scrutiny in Heinous Crimes
4-16
1. 
Cause of the accusation
4-16
E. 
Duplicity of the Offense and Continuing Crimes
4-17
1.
Duplicity of the offense
4-17
2.
Continuing crimes: the principle of delito continuado
4-18
3.
Exceptions to rule on duplicity
4-20
4.
Rule on complex crimes
4-20
5. 
No duplicity in rape with homicide
4-21
6.
No duplicity in charge of estafa
4-21
7.
Illegal possession of firearm and unlawful killing with the use  thereof
4-22
8.
Reckless imprudence cases
4-23
9.
Amendment or substitution
4-23
III. 
PROSECUTION OF CIVIL ACTION
4-24
A. 
Basic Rule
4-24
B. 
Civil Actions not Based on Crime not Extinguished
4-25
C. 
Criminal Actions to Recover Civil Liability Arising from Delict and Civil Actions Based on Quasi-Delict may proceed Simultaneously
4-26
D. 
Extinction of the Penal does not Carry with it Extinction of the
Civil
4-27
IV. 
PROCEDURAL CHECKLISTS ON CRIMINAL PROCEDURE
4-28
A.
For Cases Cognizable by the Municipal Trial Courts
4-28
Checklist I – Things to check/do upon receipt of complaint or information
4-28
When Case is for Preliminary Investigation
4-28
When Case is for Trial on the Merits
4-29
Checklist II – Things to check/do after the issuance of arrest warrant and before trial stage
4-32
B. 
For Cases Cognizable by the Regional Trial Courts
4-32
Checklist I – Things to do upon receipt of complaint or information up to issuance of the warrant of arrest
4-34
Checklist II – Incidents after issuance of warrant of arrest or commitment order
4-35
C. 
Common Procedures in First and Second Level Courts
4-39
Checklist I – Things to do at the arraignment of the accused
4-39
Checklist II – Pre-Trial
4-42
Things to do during the pre-trial conference
4-42
When there is plea bargaining
4-43
When there is no plea bargaining
4-44
Checklist III – What to do after pre-trial to initial trial
4-46
Ten Commandments for a Judge on Applications for Bail
4-48
Checklist IV – Incidents during trial
4-50
What to do when there is application to discharge accused to be state witness
4-50
Effects of discharge
4-53
When a motion/petition to suspend a criminal action based upon the alleged pendency of a prejudicial question in a civil action is filed in the criminal action
4-54
What a judge should do if accused is reported to have died
4-56
What a judge should do in case a motion for disqualification or inhibition is filed
4-57
V. 
CONDUCTING THE TRIAL
4-60
A. 
Supreme Court Circulars
4-60
B. 
Compliance with Periods
4-60
C. 
Pertinent Rules
4-61
1.
Time to prepare for trial
4-61
2.
Continuous trial until terminated; postponements
4-61
3.
Exclusions
4-61
4.
Factors for granting continuance
4-63
5.
Time limit following an order for new trial
4-63
6.
Extended time limit
4-64
7.
Public attorney’s duties when accused is imprisoned
4-64
8.
Sanctions
4-65
9.
Remedy where accused is not brought to trial within the time limit
4-65
10.
Law on speedy trial not a bar to provision on speedy trial in the Constitution
4-66
11.
Order of trial
4-66
D. 
How to Deal with Accused’s Motion for Examination of his/her Witness before Trial
4-66
E.
How to Deal with Prosecution’s Motion for Examination of its Witness before Trial
4-68
F.
If a Motion for Confinement of an Accused in a Mental Hospital is Filed
4-69
G.
Demurrer to Evidence
4-70
Checklist – Steps to Take When Demurrer to Evidence is Filed
4-70
VI. 
JUDGMENT
4-72
A. 
Definition
4-72
Checklist – Steps to Take in Rendering Judgment
4-72
B. 
Extent of Damages Awarded in Civil Liability Arising from Crimes
4-74
C. 
Promulgation of Judgment
4-75
D. 
Modification of Judgment
4-77
E. 
Entry of Judgment
4-77
VII. 
MOTION FOR NEW TRIAL OR RECONSIDERATION
4-78
A. 
Grounds for New Trial
4-78
B.
Ground for Reconsideration
4-78
C.
Form of Motion for a New Trial or Reconsideration
4-78
D.
Steps to Take
4-79
Checklist I – Steps from Filing of Application to Referral Thereof to Probation Officer
4-79
SampleProbation Court Forms
4-81
Checklist II – Steps from receipt of Post-Sentence Investigation Report to issuance of Probation Order
4-84
Checklist III – How to Deal with Incidents During Probation
4-85
Sample forms Revoking/Modifying Conditions of Probation
4-88
VIII. 
ISSUANCE OF SEARCH WARRANTS
4-91
A. 
Rule on Forum Shopping
4-91
B.
Meaning of Probable Cause
4-92
C.
Basis of Probable Cause; Personal Knowledge
4-92
1.
Meaning of knowledge; test is liability for perjury
4-92
2.
Insufficiency of affidavits
4-93
3.
Prudente v. Hon. Executive Judge A.M. Dayrit
4-93
4.
Factors that may be considered in determination of probable cause
4-94
5.
The need of competent proof of particular acts or specific omissions
4-95
6.
Probable cause to be determined only by judge
4-96
7.
Manner of examination
4-97
8.
Examination is heard ex-parte and may be done in chambers but action must be expedited
4-97
9.
The need for searching questions and answers by the judge
4-98
10.
Requisite of particular description of things to be seized
4-99
11.
Tests to determine Particularity
4-100
12.
Description of place to be seized
4-100
13.
Determination of whether search warrant describes premises with particularity
4-101
IX. 
PROVISIONAL REMEDIES
4-102
         
CRIMINAL
PROCEDURE		 PART TWO
PROCEDURE IN SANDIGANBAYAN
         
 
I. 
STAGES TN CRIMINAL CASES
4-103
 
II.
CIVIL CASES
4-105
 
III.
PROCEDURE ON APPEALED CASES
4-106
         
EVIDENCE
BASIC PRINCIPLES
AND SPECIAL
PROBLEMS 		 
         
 
I. 
WHEN EVIDENCE IS NECESSARY
5-1
 
II. 
ADMISSIBILITY OF EVIDENCE
5-2
 
A. 
Axiom of Admissibility of Evidence
5-2
 
B.
Proper Presentation of Evidence
5-3
 
1.
Object evidence
5-3
 
2.
Oral evidence
5-3
 
3.
Documentary evidence
5-4
 
C.
Formal Offer of Evidence; Need for Statement of the Purpose of  Evidence
5-5
 
III. 
MODES OF EXCLUDING INADMISSIBLE EVIDENCE
5-7
 
A.
Evidence is objected to at the time it is offered and not before
5-7
 
B.
Motion to strike out answer to testimony
5-7
 
C.
Objections and Ruling
5-8
 
IV.
LAYING THE FOUNDATIONS FOR EVIDENCE
5-12
 
A.
Judicial Notice
5-12
 
1.
Mandatory and discretionary judicial notice
5-12
 
2.
Hearing the parties on discretionary judicial notice
5-13
 
3.
Judicial notice of proceedings in another case
5-13
 
B.
Admissions: Judicial and Extra-Judicial
5-14
 
C.
Best Evidence Rule
5-17
 
D.
Parol Evidence Rule
5-19
 
E.
Admissibility of Extra-Judicial Confessions
5-19
 
F.
Examination of Witnesses
5-21
 
G.
Authentication and Proof of Documents
5-24
 
H.
Tender of Excluded Evidence
5-26
 
JUDICIAL
ETHICS		  
 
I.
THE ROLE OF THE JUDGE
6-1
 
II
ETHICAL RULES OF JUDICIAL CONDUCT
6-3
 
1.
Necessity and Sources of Judicial Ethics
6-3
 
2.
Ethical Rules Relating to Competence
6-3
 
3.
Ethical Rules Relating to Independence
6-9
 
4.
Ethical Rules Relating to Integrity
6-13
 
5.
Social Justice
6-15
         
JUDICIAL REASONING,
WRITING AND RESEARCH: 
JUDICIAL REASONING		  
         
 
I.
METHODS OF REASONING
7-1
 
1.
Analogy
7-1
 
2.
Induction
7-2
 
3.
Deduction
7-2
 
II.
FREQUENTLY COMMITTED FALLACIES
7-3
 
1.
Misplaced authority
7-3
 
2.
Post hoc, ergopropter hoc
7-3
 
3.
Tu quoque
7-3
 
4.
Dicta simpliciter
7-3
 
5.
Argumentum adpopulum
7-3
 
6.
Argumentum ad baculum
7-3
 
III.
THE LOGICAL FLOW IN CASE ANALYSIS
7-4
         
JUDICIAL REASONING,
WRITING AND RESEARCH: 
JUDICIAL WRITNG		  
 
I.
INTRODUCTION
7-7
 
II.
POINTERS FOR JUDICIAL WRITING
7-7
 
1.
The Three “Cs” in Judicial Writing
7-7
 
1.1
Use of single words in place of several words
7-8
 
1.2
Diction
7-8
 
1.3
Spell words correctly
7-13
 
1.4
Verbs not followed by prepositions
7-13
 
2.
Writing Style
7-13
 
2.1
Stages of writing process
7-13
 
2.2
Pointers on style
7-14
 
2.3
Effective sentences
7-20
         
JUDICIAL REASONING,
WRITING AND RESEARCH: 
GLOSSARY OF LEGAL TERMS		  
         
    GLOSSARY OF LEGAL TERMS
7-25
         
JUDICIAL REASONING,
WRITING AND RESEARCH: 
JUDICIAL RESEARCH		  
 
         
 
I.
INTRODUCTION
7-29
 
II.
CONDUCTING LEGAL RESEARCH
7-29
 
1.
Critical Fact-Related Steps that Must Precede Research in Law Books
7-29
 
1.1
Gathering the facts
7-29
 
1.2
Analyzing the facts — the TARP rule
7-30
 
1.3
Identifying the legal issues
7-30
 
1.4
Organizing the legal issues in a logical order
7-30
 
1.5
Doing legal research
7-31
 
2.
Law Finding Techniques
7-31
 
2.1
Approaches
7-31
 
3.
Classifying the Issues Involved in the Problem
7-31
 
4.
Finding the Law
7-31
 
4.1
Sources of law
7-31
 
5.
Research in Statutory Law
7-34
 
5.1
Constitution
7-34
 
5.2
Treaties and international agreements
7-35
 
5.3
Statutes proper
7-35
 
5.4
Administrative regulations and rules
7-37
 
5.5
Ordinances
7-38
 
5.6
Court Rules
7-38
 
5.7
Military rules
7-39
 
6.
Researching in Case Law
7-39
 
6.1
Types of case law
7-39
 
6.2
Supreme Court decisions
7-39
 
6.3
Court of Appeals decisions
7-40
 
6.4
Other courts
7-40
 
6.5
Decisions of administrative agencies and boards
7-40
 
6.6
American setting
7-40
 
7.
Reading the Law
7-41
 
7.1
Internal evaluation
7-42
 
8.
Updating the Law
7-41
 
9.
Writing Your Decision
7-42
 
10
General Pointers in Legal Research
7-42
 
III.
CONCLUSION
7-43
 
COURT AND CASE
MANAGEMENT: 
TRIAL COURT
PERFORMANCE STANDARDS
AND  MEASUREMENT		  
         
 
I
INTRODUCTION
8-1
 
II
KEY ELEMENTS OF MEASURES
8-1
 
1.
Methods
8-1
 
2.
Tools
8-2
 
3.
People
8-2
 
III
CREATION OF CORE TEAM
8-2
 
IV
APPLICATION OF MEASURES
8-3
 
1.
Court Reviews and Case Data Examination
8-3
 
2.
Observations and Simulations
8-3
 
3.
Surveys and Questionnaires
8-4
 
4.
Interviews
8-4
 
5.
Group Technique
8-4
 
COURT AND
CASE
MANAGEMENT:
 TOTAL QUALITY
MANAGEMENT		  
         
 
I.
Concept
8-5
 
II
Rationale
8-5
 
III
Organizing a TQM-CORE Team
8-5
 
1.
Developing Leadership Qualities
8-5
 
2.
Applying Teamwork Concepts
8-6
 
3.
Formulating Vision and Mission Statements and Implementing Strategies
8-6
 
4.
Values
8-7
 
IV
Setting up an Ideal Climate for TQM Implementation
8-7
 
1.
The Self-Assessment Process
8-7
 
2.
Assessment of Facilities
8-8
 
3.
Regular Evaluation Meetings
8-8
 
V.
Case Management
8-9
 
1.
Concept and Purpose
8-9
 
2.
Objectives of Case Management
8-9
 
3.
Basic Principles
8-9
 
4.
Five Steps to Caseflow Management
8-10
 
5.
Implementing Guidelines
8-11
 
VI
Records Management
8-12
 
1.
Concept
8-12
 
2.
Types of Trial Court Records
8-12
 
3.
Protection and Preservation of Records
8-13
 
4.
Destruction of Records
8-14
 
VII
Pre-Trial as Component of Caseflow Management
8-15
 
1.
Nature, Concept and Purpose
8-15
 
2.
Rules on Pre-Trial
8-15
 
3.
The Mechanics of Pre-Trial
8-15
 
4.
The Pre-Trial Order
8-18
 
Annex “A” – Sample Chart for Fast Track System
8-19

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