G.R. No. 140835. August 14, 2000
RAMON A. GONZALES, PETITIONER, VS. HON. ANDRES R. NARVASA, AS CHAIRMAN, PREPARATORY COMMISSION ON CONSTITUTIONAL REFORMS; HON. RONALDO B. ZAMORA, AS EXECUTIVE SECRETARY; COMMISS…
GONZAGA-REYES, J.:
9, 1999, petitioner Ramon A. Gonzales, in his capacity as a citizen and
taxpayer, assails the constitutionality of the creation of the
Preparatory Commission on Constitutional Reform (PCCR) and of the
positions of presidential consultants, advisers and assistants.
Petitioner asks this Court to enjoin the PCCR and the presidential
consultants, advisers and assistants from acting as such, and to enjoin
Executive Secretary Ronaldo B. Zamora from enforcing their advice and
recommendations. In addition, petitioner seeks to enjoin the Commission
on Audit from passing in audit expenditures for the PCCR and the
presidential consultants, advisers and assistants. Finally, petitioner
prays for an order compelling respondent Zamora to furnish petitioner
with information on certain matters.
On January 28, 2000, respondent Hon. Andres R. Narvasa, impleaded
in his capacity as Chairman of the PCCR, filed his Comment to the
Petition. The rest of the respondents, who are being represented in this
case by the Solicitor General, filed their Comment with this Court on
March 7, 2000. Petitioner then filed a Consolidated Reply on April 24,
2000, whereupon this case was considered submitted for decision.
I. Preparatory Commission on Constitutional Reform
The Preparatory Commission on Constitutional Reform (PCCR) was
created by President Estrada on November 26, 1998 by virtue of Executive
Order No. 43 (E.O. No. 43) in order “to study and recommend proposed
amendments and/or revisions to the 1987 Constitution, and the manner of
implementing the same.”[1]
Petitioner disputes the constitutionality of the PCCR on two grounds.
First, he contends that it is a public office which only the legislature
can create by way of a law.[2]
Secondly, petitioner asserts that by creating such a body the President
is intervening in a process from which he is totally excluded by the
Constitution – the amendment of the fundamental charter.[3]
It is alleged by respondents that, with respect to the PCCR, this case has become moot and academic. We agree.
An action is considered “moot” when it no longer presents a
justiciable controversy because the issues involved have become academic
or dead.[4] Under E.O. No. 43, the PCCR was instructed to complete its task on or before June 30, 1999.[5]
However, on February 19, 1999, the President issued Executive Order No.
70 (E.O. No. 70), which extended the time frame for the completion of
the commission’s work, viz –
SECTION 6. Section 8 is hereby amended to read as follows:
Time Frame. The Commission shall commence its work on 01 January
1999 and complete the same on or before 31 December 1999. The
Commission shall submit its report and recommendations to the President
within fifteen (15) working days from 31 December 1999.
The PCCR submitted its recommendations to the President on December
20, 1999 and was dissolved by the President on the same day. It had
likewise spent the funds allotted to it.[6] Thus, the PCCR has ceased to exist, having lost its raison d’etre. Subsequent events have overtaken the petition and the Court has nothing left to resolve.
The staleness of the issue before us is made more manifest by the
impossibility of granting the relief prayed for by petitioner.
Basically, petitioner asks this Court to enjoin the PCCR from acting as
such.[7] Clearly, prohibition
is an inappropriate remedy since the body sought to be enjoined no
longer exists. It is well established that prohibition is a preventive
remedy and does not lie to restrain an act that is already fait accompli.[8]
At this point, any ruling regarding the PCCR would simply be in the
nature of an advisory opinion, which is definitely beyond the
permissible scope of judicial power.
In addition to the mootness of the issue, petitioner’s lack of
standing constitutes another obstacle to the successful invocation of
judicial power insofar as the PCCR is concerned.
The question in standing is whether a party has “alleged such a
personal stake in the outcome of the controversy as to assure that
concrete adverseness which sharpens the presentation of issues upon
which the court so largely depends for illumination of difficult
constitutional questions.”[9] In assailing the constitutionality of E.O. Nos. 43 and 70, petitioner asserts his interest as a citizen and taxpayer.[10]
A citizen acquires standing only if he can establish that he has
suffered some actual or threatened injury as a result of the allegedly
illegal conduct of the government; the injury is fairly traceable to the
challenged action; and the injury is likely to be redressed by a
favorable action.[11] In Kilosbayan, Incorporated v. Morato,[12]
we denied standing to petitioners who were assailing a lease agreement
between the Philippine Charity Sweepstakes Office and the Philippine
Gaming Management Corporation, stating that,
… in Valmonte v. Philippine Charity Sweepstakes Office,
G.R. No. 78716, Sept. 22, 1987, standing was denied to a petitioner who
sought to declare a form of lottery known as Instant Sweepstakes invalid
because, as the Court held,Valmonte brings the suit as a citizen, lawyer, taxpayer and
father of three (3) minor children. But nowhere in his petition does
petitioner claim that his rights and privileges as a lawyer or citizen
have been directly and personally injured by the operation of the
Instant Sweepstakes. The interest of the person assailing the
constitutionality of a statute must be direct and personal. He must be
able to show, not only that the law is invalid, but also that he has
sustained or in immediate danger of sustaining some direct injury as a
result of its enforcement, and not merely that he suffers thereby in
some indefinite way. It must appear that the person complaining has
been or is about to be denied some right or privilege to which he is
lawfully entitled or that he is about to be subjected to some burdens or
penalties by reason of the statute complained of.We apprehend no difference between the petitioner in Valmonte and
the present petitioners. Petitioners do not in fact show what
particularized interest they have for bringing this suit. It does not
detract from the high regard for petitioners as civic leaders to say
that their interest falls short of that required to maintain an action
under Rule 3, d 2.
Coming now to the instant case, petitioner has not shown that he has
sustained or is in danger of sustaining any personal injury attributable
to the creation of the PCCR. If at all, it is only Congress, not
petitioner, which can claim any “injury” in this case since, according
to petitioner, the President has encroached upon the legislature’s
powers to create a public office and to propose amendments to the
Charter by forming the PCCR. Petitioner has sustained no direct, or
even any indirect, injury. Neither does he claim that his rights or
privileges have been or are in danger of being violated, nor that he
shall be subjected to any penalties or burdens as a result of the PCCR’s
activities. Clearly, petitioner has failed to establish his locus standi so as to enable him to seek judicial redress as a citizen.
A taxpayer is deemed to have the standing to raise a
constitutional issue when it is established that public funds have been
disbursed in alleged contravention of the law or the Constitution.[13], Thus payer’s action is properly brought only when there is an exercise by Congress of its taxing or spending power.[14]
This was our ruling in a recent case wherein petitioners
Telecommunications and Broadcast Attorneys of the Philippines (TELEBAP)
and GMA Network, Inc. questioned the validity of section 92 of B.P. No.
881 (otherwise knows as the “Omnibus Election Code”) requiring radio and
television stations to give free air time to the Commission on
Elections during the campaign period.[15]
The Court held that petitioner TELEBAP did not have any interest as a
taxpayer since the assailed law did not involve the taxing or spending
power of Congress.[16]
Many other rulings have premised the grant or denial of standing
to taxpayers upon whether or not the case involved a disbursement of
public funds by the legislature. In Sanidad v. Commission on Elections,[17]
the petitioners therein were allowed to bring a taxpayers’ suit to
question several presidential decrees promulgated by then President
Marcos in his legislative capacity calling for a national referendum,
with the Court explaining that –
…[i]t is now an ancient rule that the valid source of a statute –
Presidential Decrees are of such nature – may be contested by one who
will sustain a direct injury as a result of its enforcement. At the
instance of taxpayers, laws providing for the disbursement of public
funds may be enjoined, upon the theory that the expenditure of public
funds by an officer of the State for the purpose of executing an
unconstitutional act constitutes a misapplication of such funds. The
breadth of Presidential Decree No. 991 carries an appropriation of Five
Million Pesos for the effective implementation of its purposes.
Presidential Decree No. 1031 appropriates the sum of Eight Million Pesos
to carry out its provisions. The interest of the aforenamed
petitioners as taxpayers in the lawful expenditure of these amounts of
public money sufficiently clothes them with that personality to litigate
the validity of the Decrees appropriating said funds. …
In still another case, the Court held that petitioners – the
Philippine Constitution Association, Inc., a non-profit civic
organization – had standing as taxpayers to question the
constitutionality of Republic Act No. 3836 insofar as it provides for
retirement gratuity and commutation of vacation and sick leaves to
Senators and Representatives and to the elective officials of both
houses of Congress.[18] And in Pascual v. Secretary of Public Works,[19]
the Court allowed petitioner to maintain a taxpayer’s suit assailing
the constitutional soundness of Republic Act No. 920 appropriating
P85,000 for the construction, repair and improvement of feeder roads
within private property. All these cases involved the disbursement of
public funds by means of a law.
Meanwhile, in Bugnay Construction and Development Corporation v. Laron,[20]
the Court declared that the trial court was wrong in allowing
respondent Ravanzo to bring an action for injunction in his capacity as a
taxpayer in order to question the legality of the contract of lease
covering the public market entered into between the City of Dagupan and
petitioner. The Court declared that Ravanzo did not possess the
requisite standing to bring such taxpayer’s suit since “[o]n its face,
and there is no evidence to the contrary, the lease contract entered
into between petitioner and the City shows that no public funds have
been or will be used in the construction of the market building.”
Coming now to the instant case, it is readily apparent that there
is no exercise by Congress of its taxing or spending power. The PCCR
was created by the President by virtue of E.O. No. 43, as amended by
E.O. No. 70. Under section 7 of E.O. No. 43, the amount of P3 million is
“appropriated” for its operational expenses “to be sourced from the
funds of the Office of the President.” The relevant provision states –
Appropriations. The initial amount of Three Million Pesos
(P3,000,000.00) is hereby appropriated for the operational expenses of
the Commission to be sourced from funds of the Office of the President,
subject to the usual accounting and auditing rules and regulations.
Additional amounts shall be released to the Commission upon submission
of requirements for expenditures.
The appropriations for the PCCR were authorized by the President, not
by Congress. In fact, there was no an appropriation at all. “In a
strict sense, appropriation has been defined ‘as nothing more
than the legislative authorization prescribed by the Constitution that
money may be paid out of the Treasury’, while appropriation made by law
refers to ‘the act of the legislature setting apart or assigning to a
particular use a certain sum to be used in the payment of debt or dues
from the State to its creditors.’ ”[21]
The funds used for the PCCR were taken from funds intended for the
Office of the President, in the exercise of the Chief Executive’s power
to transfer funds pursuant to section 25 (5) of article VI of the
Constitution.
In the final analysis, it must be stressed that the Court retains
the power to decide whether or not it will entertain a taxpayer’s suit.[22]
In the case at bar, there being no exercise by Congress of its taxing
or spending power, petitioner cannot be allowed to question the creation
of the PCCR in his capacity as a taxpayer, but rather, he must
establish that he has a “personal and substantial interest in the case
and that he has sustained or will sustain direct injury as a result of
its enforcement.”[23] In other
words, petitioner must show that he is a real party in interest – that
he will stand to be benefited or injured by the judgment or that he will
be entitled to the avails of the suit.[24] Nowhere in his pleadings does petitioner presume to make such a representation.
II. Presidential Consultants, Advisers, Assistants
The second issue raised by petitioner concerns the presidential
consultants. Petitioner alleges that in 1995 and 1996, the President
created seventy (70) positions in the Office of the President and
appointed to said positions twenty (20) presidential consultants,
twenty-two (22) presidential advisers, and twenty-eight (28)
presidential assistants.[25] Petitioner asserts that, as in the case of the PCCR, the President does not have the power to create these positions.[26]
Consistent with the abovementioned discussion on standing,
petitioner does not have the personality to raise this issue before the
Court. First of all, he has not proven that he has sustained or is in
danger of sustaining any injury as a result of the appointment of such
presidential advisers. Secondly, petitioner has not alleged the
necessary facts so as to enable the Court to determine if he possesses a
taxpayer’s interest in this particular issue. Unlike the PCCR which
was created by virtue of an executive order, petitioner does not allege
by what official act, whether it be by means of an executive order,
administrative order, memorandum order, or otherwise, the President
attempted to “create” the positions of presidential advisers,
consultants and assistants. Thus, it is unclear what act of the
President petitioner is assailing. In support of his allegation,
petitioner merely annexed a copy of the Philippine Government Directory
(Annex “C”) listing the names and positions of such presidential
consultants, advisers and assistants to his petition. However,
appointment is obviously not synonymous with creation. It would be
improvident for this Court to entertain this issue given the
insufficient nature of the allegations in the Petition.
III. Right to Information
Finally, petitioner asks us to issue a writ of mandamus ordering
Executive Secretary Ronaldo B. Zamora to answer his letter (Annex “D”)
dated October 4, 1999 requesting for the names of executive officials
holding multiple positions in government, copies of their appointments,
and a list of the recipients of luxury vehicles seized by the Bureau of
Customs and turned over to Malacanang.[27]
The right to information is enshrined in Section 7 of the Bill of Rights which provides that –
The right of the people to information on matters of public concern
shall be recognized. Access to official records, and to documents, and
papers pertaining to official acts, transactions, or decisions, as well
as to government research data used as basis for policy development,
shall be afforded the citizen, subject to such limitations as may be
provided by law.
Under both the 1973[28] and
1987 Constitution, this is a self-executory provision which can be
invoked by any citizen before the courts. This was our ruling in Legaspi v. Civil Service Commission,[29]
wherein the Court classified the right to information as a public right
and “when a [m]andamus proceeding involves the assertion of a public
right, the requirement of personal interest is satisfied by the mere
fact that the petitioner is a citizen, and therefore, part of the
general ‘public’ which possesses the right.” However, Congress may
provide for reasonable conditions upon the access to information. Such
limitations were embodied in Republic Act No. 6713, otherwise knows as
the “Code of Conduct and Ethical Standards for Public Officials and
Employees,” which took effect on March 25, 1989. This law provides
that, in the performance of their duties, all public officials and
employees are obliged to respond to letters sent by the public within
fifteen (15) working days from receipt thereof and to ensure the
accessibility of all public documents for inspection by the public
within reasonable working hours, subject to the reasonable claims of
confidentiality.[30]
Elaborating on the significance of the right to information, the Court said in Baldoza v. Dimaano[31]
that “[t]he incorporation of this right in the Constitution is a
recognition of the fundamental role of free exchange of information in a
democracy. There can be no realistic perception by the public of the
nation’s problems, nor a meaningful democratic decisionmaking if they
are denied access to information of general interest. Information is
needed to enable the members of society to cope with the exigencies of
the times.” The information to which the public is entitled to are those
concerning “matters of public concern”, a term which “embrace[s] a
broad spectrum of subjects which the public may want to know, either
because these directly affect their lives, or simply because such
matters naturally arouse the interest of an ordinary citizen. In the
final analysis, it is for the courts to determine in a case by case
basis whether the matter at issue is of interest or importance, as it
relates to or affects the public.”[32]
Thus, we agree with petitioner that respondent Zamora, in his
official capacity as Executive Secretary, has a constitutional and
statutory duty to answer petitioner’s letter dealing with matters which
are unquestionably of public concern – that is, appointments made to
public offices and the utilization of public property. With regard to
petitioner’s request for copies of the appointment papers of certain
officials, respondent Zamora is obliged to allow the inspection and
copying of the same subject to the reasonable limitations required for
the orderly conduct of official business.[33]
WHEREFORE, the petition is dismissed, with the
exception that respondent Zamora is ordered to furnish petitioner with
the information requested.
SO ORDERED.
Davide, Jr., C.J., Melo, Vitug, Kapunan, Mendoza, Panganiban, Quisumbing, Purisima, Pardo, Buena, Ynares-Santiago, and De Leon, Jr., JJ., concur.
Bellosillo, J., abroad, on official business.
Puno, J., vote to dismiss on the ground that the case is moot.
[1] E.O. No. 43, sec. 1.
[2] Petition, 11-18
[3] Ibid., 18-22.
[4] Santiago v. Court of Appeals, 285 SCRA 16 (1998); Garcia v. Commission on Elections, 258 SCRA 754 (1996).
[5] E.O. No. 43, sec. 8.
[6] Comment of respondent Narvasa, 7-9.
[7] Petition, 29-30.
[8] Aguinaldo v. Commission on Elections, 308 SCRA 770 (1998).
[9] Kilosbayan, Incorporated v. Morato, 246 SCRA 540 (1995), citing Baker v. Carr, 369 U.S. 186, 7 L.Ed.2d 633 (1962).
[10] Petition, 2.
[11] Telecommunications and Broadcast Attorneys of the Philippines, Inc. v. Commission on Elections, 289 SCRA 337 (1998).
[12] 246 SCRA 540 (1995).
[13] The Anti-Graft League of the Philippines, Inc. v. San Juan, 260 SCRA 250 (1996).
[14] Flast v. Cohen, 392 US 83, 20 L Ed 2d 947, 88 S Ct 1942.
[15] Telecommunications and Broadcast Attorneys of the Philippines, Inc. v. Commission on Elections, 289 SCRA 337 (1998).
[16] See also The
Anti-Graft League of the Philippines, Inc. vs. San Juan, 260 SCRA 250
(1996); Kilosbayan, Incorporated v. Morato, 246 SCRA 540 (1995); Dumlao
v. Comelec, 95 SCRA 392 (1980).
[17] 73 SCRA 333 (1976).
[18] Philippine Constitution Association, Inc. v. Gimenez, 15 SCRA 479 (1965).
[19] 110 Phil 331 (1960).
[20] 176 SCRA 251 (1989).
[21] Gonzales v. Raquiza, 180 SCRA 254 (1989).
[22] Dumlao v.
Commission on Elections, 95 SCRA 392 (1980), citing Tan v. Macapagal, 43
SCRA 677(1972); Sanidad v. Commission on Elections, 73 SCRA 333 (1976).
[23] People v. Vera, 65 Phil 50 (1937).
[24] Rules of Court, Rule 3, sec. 2; Board of Optometry v. Colet, 260 SCRA 88 (1997).
[25] Petition, 6.
[26] Ibid., 6-7, 22.
[27] Ibid., 1-2, 6
[28] Sec. 6, Article III, 1973 Constitution, provided –
The right of the people to information on matters of public
concern shall be recognized. Access to official records, and to
documents and papers pertaining to official acts, transactions, or
decision, shall be afforded the citizen subject to such limitations as
may be provided by law.
[29] 150 SCRA 530 (1987).
[30] Republic Act No.
6713, sec. 5 (a) and (e); see Rules Implementing the Code of Conduct and
Ethical Standards for Public Officials and Employees, Rule IV.
[31] 71 SCRA 14 (1976). See Echegaray v. Secretary of Justice, 297 SCRA 754 (1998).
[32] Legaspi v. Civil Service Commission, 150 SCRA 530 (1987).
[33] Lantaco, Sr. v. Llamas, 108 SCRA 502 (1981).