VOL. VII, December 05, 1934
JOURNAL NO. 101
APERTURA DE LA SESION
Se abre la sesión a las 3:40 p.m., ocupando el estrado el Presidente, Hon.
Claro M. Recto.
EL PRESIDENTE: Se abre la sesión.
DISPENSACIÓN DE LA LECTURA DE LA LISTA Y DEL ACTA
SR. MARAMARA: Señor Presidente.
EL PRESIDENTE: Señor Delegado por Cebú.
SR. MARAMARA: Pido que se dispense la lectura de la lista y del
acta, dandose ésta por aprobada y por presente un quórum.
EL PRESIDENTE: ¿Hay alguna objeción a la moción
(Silencio.) La Mesa no oye ninguna. Queda aprobada.
ESTUDIO Y CONSIDERACIÓN DEL PROYECTO DE CONSTITUCION
CONTINUACION
(Continuation.)
EL PRESIDENTE: Léanse por orden las enmiendas.
EL SECRETARIO: Por los Delegados Lim y Vinzons:
Del Delegado Señor Lim: En la página 12, líneas 18 al 20,
suprímanse las palabras: “hold any other office or employment in the Government
without forfeiting his seat, nor shall any such member”.
CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION RECORD
Del Delegado Señor Vinzons. En la página 12, líneas 17 al 20,
suprímanse las palabras: “may hold any other office or employment in the
Government without forfeiting his seat, nor shall any such member.”
MR. LIM: May I have the floor?
EL PRESIDENTE: Su Señoría tiene la palabra.
SR. MILLAR: Señor Presidente, quisiera decir alguna información
al Delégado por Manila antes de que comience su discurso. De acuerdo con su
enmienda, al inciso (9) quedará redactado en esta forma: “Ningún diputado a la
Asamblea. Nacional podrá ser nombrado para cualquier empleo civil bajo la
autoridad del Gobierno de Filipinas que haya sido creado cuya retribución se
haya aumentado durante dicho tiempo.”
SR. LIM: Así es.
SR. MILLAR: ¿No podría aceptar Su Señoria una enmienda en el
sentido de que al final de la página 13-A, se convierta el punto (.) en coma (,)
y que se añada lo siguiente: “ni podrá ocupar algún otro cargo o empleo en el
Gobierno o alguna empresa del mismo.”
SR. LIM: Si acepto esa enmienda de Su Señoría, perdería
finalidad la enmienda que presente, de eliminar las palabras que hay en las
líneas 18 al 20 del texto inglés, porque volveriamos a la misma cosa.
SR. MILLAR: El proposito de Su Señoría, al presentar la
enmienda, es únicamente hacer que no puedan ser nombrados los legisladores para
algún cargo que haya sido creado durante el tiempo de su ejercicio o para algún
cargo cuya remuneración haya sido aumentada por la Legislatura de que ha sido
miembro.
SR. LIM: Si Su Señoría tuviera la paciencia de oirme…
SR. MILLAR: Para aclarar nada más; para ganar
tiempo.
SR. LIM: Esa es su finalidad; ésa es la idea.
SR. MILLAR: De modo que su idea es que los legisladores no
puedan ser nombrados para ocupar algún puesto que haya sido creado por la
Legislatura de que ha sido miembro.
SR. LIM: Ese será el efecto.
DISCURSO DEL SR. LIM
MR. LIM: Mr. President and Gentlemen of the Convention:
Paragraph 9 of section 3 of the Article on the Legislative Department, as
contained in the draft, provides that “no member of the National Assembly may
hold any other office or employment in the government without forfeiting his
seat.”
If this prohibition is read in connection with section 2 of
Article 12 of the draft, page 10, dealing with the Civil Service, wherein it is
provided that “public officers and employees in the Civil service shall not
engage directly or indirectly in political activities or take part in any
election except to vote” it is apparent that the prohibition referred to in the
permission first quoted refers mainly and practically to cases in which a member
of the National Assembly is simultaneously a secretary of department.
In other words, this provision if approved would close the door
entirely to the possibility of adopting in our country what is “known as the
parliamentary system of government, in contra-distinction to the presidential
system.
It is not my purpose to explain the merits and demerits of each
of these two systems, for it is a granted premise that in the meantime we should
adopt the presidential system, to which we have been used. It is neither my
purpose to show the advantages of having our Cabinet
CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION RECORD
drawn from members of the National Assembly, as is being done
actually in our government.
I only wish to repeat the remarks already made that a
presidential system under the Philippine Commonwealth and much more so under an
independent government would so entrench the party in power that it would be
almost impossible for any minority group to win except by means of a revolution.
Under the presidential system, a president is elected by the people, with the
backing of his party. Nowadays, the president of the United States is probably
the most powerful elective official in the world. He is considered the head of
the administrative as well as of the legislative branches of the government by
virtue of his leadership of the party that controls Congress. Under the system
proposed in the draft, the President of the Commonwealth, later of the
Philippine Republic, will have the same powers and privileges.
On the other hand, under the cabinet system as adopted in
England after years of struggle culminating in the passing of the Reform Act of
1832, the Cabinet or the ministry derives its powers from the House of Commons
and not from the King. The House of Commons alone determines the fate of
cabinet and ministries.
Before that year the functions of ministers were merely
administrative, as they are under our present government, and Parliament was
free to deal as as it pleased with their legislative proposals without forcing
them to resign their seats.
In England the Cabinet is composed of the Chief Ministers of
the Crown, they have seats in Parliament and are jointly responsible for the
government of the country. The Prime Minister, a party leader, although
appointed by the Crown, derives his powers in reality neither from the Crown nor
from the Parliament, but from the electorate; and to the electorate he could
appeal if his party so desired.
The Cabinet, composed of colleagues selected by the Prime
Minister, thus practically, though indirectly, becomes an executive committee
acting on behalf of the electorate, that is to say any, of the majority which
voted their party into power.
In actual practice, the responsibility of the Cabinet is to the
House of Commons an adverse action of which on an important matter may lead to
the resignation of the Cabinet as a whole.
Functionally, the Cabinet may be described as a committee of
advisers, with seats in the Legislature, united by political principles, and
preserving unanimity in public, under the leadership of the acknowledged head of
the party commanding a majority in the lawmaking body by which, with the assent
of the executive they have been appointed to positions controlling the principal
government departments, to act through him as the executive’s sole advisers, and
to be severally responsible to the executive, the prime minister, parliament and
the people, for their individual and collective actions, so long as they are
supported by a majority of the Legislative.
In the United States as well as in our country, the Cabinet is
composed of the heads of the executive departments, whose functions is to advise
the President or the Governor General on important questions of policy. The
Cabinet members are appointed by the President or by the Governor General and
are subject to confirmation by the Senate; they are responsible only to the
President or the Governor General and may be removed by him at will.
CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION RECORD
It may be true that the greatest virtue of the presidential
system is its stability; but such stability may be brought about only as a
consequence of the continuous victory of the party in power. This, in turn, may
lead to dictatorship, which can only end in a revolution.
On the other hand, the cabinet system has its greatest defect
instability, because of the possible frequent changes of government. However, an
analysis of the idiosyncracy of our people, who have been accustomed to support
the party in power in our government, will show that there will be no danger of
such frequent changes upon the slightest excuses.
In truth and in fact, we have been accustomed to the theory of
cabinet responsibility. The Spanish governor General was in a sense the lawgiver
in the Philippines ; for while laws at that time came from Spain, he was
empowered, with the advice of the Consejo de Administracion, to make the
necessary rules and regulations. The government established by the Malolos
Constitution was of the cabinet type. The Philippine Commission, which existed
from 1901 to 1916, was composed in the majority thereof of members who held both
executive and legislative positions. At present we are nearer the cabinet system
than the presidential system, for two senators and two representatives have been
appointed to the Cabinet.
When I speak of the cabinet system, I do not mean the type
which exists in France or which once obtained in Spain and Italy. But I refer to
the cabinet system which has recently developed in post-war Europe or to that
which is now found in England. In other words, I mean one of the cabinet type
with a strong executive.
Quoting from the French writer, B. Mirkine Guestzevitch, in his
work entitled Le Nouvelle Tendence Du Dioit Constitutionel, we
read the following: “In our concept the real cabinet or parliamentary regime
gives to the executive a stronger power than to the executive under the regime
of separation of powers.”
I wish to repeat that it has not been my purpose to advocate a
parliamentary system of government
The purpose of the proponents of the amendment for suppressing
from the draft the prohibition referred to is to make the constitution as
flexible as possible so that it could meet the different situations which the
country may find itself in, in the course of its existence.
We beseech you not to close the door to the possibility of
adopting a different system of government should the need of the country make it
necessary in the future.
MR. BUENO: Mr. President, will the Gentleman yield to a
question?
THE PRESIDENT: The Gentleman from Manila (Mr. Lim) may yield if
he so desires.
MR. LIM: With pleasure, Mr. President.
MR. BUENO: To whom would be the responsibility of a member of
the National Assembly after he has become a cabinet member? Will he be
responsible to the Executive or to the Legislature or the National Assembly?
How about a member of the Cabinet under the Parliamentary
system to which the Gentleman has alluded? Is it not a fact that in England the
ministers, including the prime minister, are responsible jointly and severally
to the House of Commons and not to the king? According to the theory in England
, each minister must certainly answer for whatever political act he does.
MR. LIM: But the Gentleman will believe with me that if we
leave the door open members of the Cabinet could be drawn from the lawmaking body, and, together with the Vice
President, they can give counsel to the President. In that case the members of
the Cabinet will be directly responsible to the Legislature, or rather to the
National Assembly. What we mean with this amendment, is to leave that door open.
MR. BUENO: Does not the Gentleman think that he would be placing the Cabinet
in a very embarrassing position, with the proposed amendment?
MR. LIM: Certainly not, the purpose of the amendment is to make possible the
approval of an act empowering the members of the Cabinet who are members of the
National Assembly to be official advisers whose counsel must be followed.
MR. BUENO: Supposing that the President belongs to a party different from the
party in control of the National Assembly, which shall then prevail, the
decision of the Cabinet or that of the Executive?
MR. LIM: If we have the parliamentary system of government, the decision of
the Cabinet.
MR. BUENO: We have to adopt either the parliamentary or cabinet system or the
presidential system. We can not very well adopt a parliamentary or cabinet
system of government. Under this system, the Chief Executive roust be impartial.
But as long as the occupant of Malacanang is a party man, I do not think we can
have such type of government.
MR. LIM: That may be true.
MR. BUENO: For that reason the question whether we should have a
parliamentary system or a presidential system ought to be decided first.
SR. ORENSE : Para algunas preguntas. ¿No cree Su Señoría que, bajo su
enmienda, un miembro de la Asamblea Nacional puede formar parte del
Gabinete?
EL PRESIDENTE: ¿Accede el orador?
SR. LIM: Si, Señor.
SR. ORENSE : ¿No cree Su Señoría que, bajo su enmienda, un miembro de la
Asamblea Nacional podría formar parte del Gabinete?
SR. LIM: Así es.
SR. ORENSE : Entonces, ese miembro de la Asamblea y al mismo tiempo miembro
del Gabinete tendria en ese caso dividida su lealtad: una parte a la Asamblea y
otra al Ejecutivo.
SR. LIM: No puede haber lealtad dividida, si tenemos en cuenta que la lealtad
de un funcionario es al pueblo y no a ningún cuerpo particular del Gobierno.
SR. ORENSE : ¿No cree Su Señoría que podría repetirse el triste espectáculo
de que tal legislador como Miembro de la Legislatura vote y apruebe un bill, y
cuando este llegue al Poder Ejecutivo recomiende que lo vete, como ha ocurrido y
esta ocurriendo?
SR. LIM: No concurro con Su Señoria en fesa opinión. No sé de ningún caso
como ése.
SR. RAFOLS: Para una cuestión de orden. Parece que el Caballero de Batangas
está aludiendo a algún Miembro de esta Asamblea. Pido que se descarte esa
alusión.
SR. ORENSE : Si fuese el Delegado Rafols el aludido, yo la retiraría.
SR. VENTURA : Senor Presidente, voy a hablar en contra de la enmienda.
EL PRESIDENTE: El Caballero de Ilocos Norte tiene la
palabra.
DISCURSO DEL SR. VENTURA
MR. VENTURA: Mr. President and Gentlemen of the Convention: As announced by
Delegate Lim, his proposed amendment will leave the door open for the
establishment in the Philippines of a parliamentary system of government. This
provision, paragraph 9 of section 3 of the article under discussion, has for its
purpose the establishment of a presidential form of government in the
Philippines, Because it is believed that said form of government is better than
one of the parliamentary type. In a parliamentary system of government the
members of the Cabinet are chosen by the Chief Executive of the nation from
among the men whose names are submitted by the leader of the party in power in
the Legislative body. The leader is usually requested and called upon by the
Chief Executive to form his Cabinet, with him as the Prime Minister, The Prime
Minister submits the list of men to constitute the Cabinet, which will serve as
adviser to the Chief Executive. For this reason, the members of the Cabinet are
responsible to the Legislative Body because they are the choice of the leader of
the party in power. As a result. Gentlemen of the Convention, the Chief,
Executive becomes a nominal or titular head; and the real executive of the
nation is the cabinet itself, This is the practice in England at the present
time, as well as in France and also in Italy, Belgium and other countries in
Europe. This system of government is followed generally in monarchial countries.
The disadvantage of the parliamentary system, the Cabinet exercises the
functions of the Chief Executive in the actual execution of the laws; but is at
the same time responsible to the Legislative Body. It complies with or carries
out the policies of the party in power and the Legislative Body, so that there
is in effect a blending of the legislative power and the executive power in one
body the Cabinet. That would be violative of the principle of the separation of
powers underlying the Jones Law under which our government has been established,
and more so, the Constitution that we are drafting.
In a parliamentary system of government, there is instability in the
relations between the Chief Executive and the Legislative Body. There are
frequent changes of the Cabinet, which are brought about whenever the
Legislative Body loses confidence in the Cabinet. Upon a vote of censure against
its members, the Cabinet resigns en mass in order to give the Chief
Executive the opportunity to form a new Cabinet. The new party in power submits
again another list of members to constitute the Cabinet. These changes may take
place even within forty-eight hours as it has often happened in France. Hence,
the instability of the government.
On the other hand, in a presidential form of government, the Cabinet, or the
Members of the Cabinet, appointed by the President, are directly responsible to
the Chief Executive. They are his advisers; they are not responsible to the
Legislative Body. They carry out the policies of the President without fear of
losing their office. The President is powerful. He can carry out the policies of
the nation and also of the party without being afraid of losing the confidence
of the Legislative Body. We need, as it can be seen in the draft of the
Constitution, a Chief Executive with strong executive power. In a presidential
form of government, the President, although he belongs to a party which is not
in power, may carry out his policies throughout the terra of his office without
any interruption or without fear of criticism from the leaders of the
Legislative Body. And for this reason there is continuity and stability in the
carrying out of his policies more conducive in effect, to the welfare of the
nation.
In the Philippines at present, we have a mixture of the parliamentary system
and the presidential system. But the situation is really improper because it
does not carry or bring with it the advantages of the parliamentary system nor
does it carry out or fulfill the purposes of a real presidential form of
government.
I will show you the defects of the system that we now have. Two Members of
our House of Representatives have been appointed Secretaries of Department to
become Members of the Cabinet, and as such, advisers to the Governor General.
These men owe their allegiance to two branches of the Government, first to the
Chief Executive who appointed them and secondly, to the Legislative Body to
which they belong. In other words, they have two masters whom they are serving.
We have read recently in the papers of the controversy regarding the passage
of laws in the House of Representatives. When the Governor General asked for the
real stand of his legislator cabinet members on the measures passed by the
Legislature, they could not help but support the Governor General. That created
a great furor in our legislature. It brought about severe criticism from the
Members of our Legislature. The legislators had expected them to be loyal to the
Legislature to which they belong. But, instead, they turned disloyal to the
policy, the purpose, and the aims of the Legislature. And they could not do
otherwise because they owe their appointment to the Governor General. Such mixed
system is really dangerous. I have pointed out that the members of the Cabinet
do not serve fully the Legislature to which they belong.
We should have either a real parliamentary system of government or a
presidential system of government. We should never have a hybrid of the two
systems. The proposition of Delegate Lim is to have the door open for the
establishment of a parliamentary form of government.
No, at any time depending upon conditions and circumstances. Not only that;
it will also make possible the establishment again of a hybrid system of
government in the Philippine Islands. We can never have a successful government
based on a hybrid system. We must have either one or the other.
I advocate a presidential form of government. A Presidential form of
government, as we have already experienced and which has been in operation in
the United States and in most of the republican governments in the Americas,
both North and South, has always proved to be a success; whereas a parliamentary
system of government which was introduced in some of the republics of Central
America has proved to be a failure.
Delegate Lim has stated that the people of the Philippine Islands are not
like those of France, of Spain or of England who are fond of censuring the
Cabinet and of frequent changes in the Government. That may be true for the
present because we do not as yet have a parliamentary system of government. But,
wait until the time when a parliamentary system of government has been
established in the Philippines when the Members if the Legislature will be given
a chance to pass a resolution of lack of confidence in the Cabinet which may
precipitate the resignation of all its members.
The practices of other nations will always be followed by the people of the
country. The practices under the presidential form of government of the United
States were introduced in the Philippine Islands; we have followed them through
the years. So that when the parliamentary system of government is established
here, the practices of England, France, Belgium and Italy will, without doubt,
be also followed here. There will always be frequent changes of government. It
will be dangerous to establish here a parliamentary system for the reason that
the period of the Commonwealth and the early period of the independence should
be constructive periods in our life as a nation. We shall need stability in
carrying out the policies of the President and also in the relations between the
Chief Executive and the Legislative Body.
MR. MONCADO: Mr. President, the time of the Gentleman has already expired.
SR. RAFOLS: Señor Presidente, pido que se concedan dos minutos mas al orador.
EL PRESIDENTE: Hay alguna objeción? (Silencio. ) La Mesa no oye
ninguna. Puede proseguir el Dele gado por Ilocos Norte.
MR. VENTURA: (Continuing). Going back to the members of the Cabinet.
In a presidential form of government, the members of the Cabinet are really
advisers of the Chief Executive. They can center their attention on the policies
of their departments as well as on the policies of the President of the Nation.
Whereas, in a parliamentary system of government, the members of the Cabinet are
not really the advisers of the Chief Executive; they are the leaders of the
party in power. In other words, the Members of the Legislature who are appointed
members of the Cabinet exercise legislative functions. In a presidential form of
government, the Chief Executive although attacked throughout his term by the
party in power in the Legislative Body, is not perturbed at all. He is free to
carry out his policies. In that way there is tranquility, there is stability,
there is unity in his policies for the solution of great problems of the nation.
It has been said here that a parliamentary system of government was
established by the Malolos Constitution, and that we should also follow the same
system adopted by that Constitution. Our answer to this statement or argument of
Delegate Lim is this: Upon the separation from the mother country or upon the
declaration of Philippines independence by the Malolos Government, the
presidential form of government had not as yet been introduced in the
Philippines. That parliamentary system of government was then very popular, as
it still is in England and in France and in Italy, and the leaders of our people
in Malolos then thought of introducting that system in our Constitution not
knowing the advantage of the presidential form of government. But, the
presidential government in operation in the Philippines since the implantation
of American sovereignty has proved a great success. For this reason, Mr.
President and Gentlemen of the Convention, I am in favor of the establishment of
a presidential form of government and, therefore, of the retention of the
provisions of the draft, and against the proposition advantage by Delegate Lim.
EL PRESIDENTE: ¿Hay algún otro turno a favor de la enmienda?
SR. VINZONS: Para un turno a favor.
EL PRESIDENTE: Tiene la palabra el Delgado por Camarines Norte.
DISCURSO DEL SR. VINZONS
MR. VINZONS: Mr. Presidente and Gentlemen of the Convention: One of the main
propositions which should have been debated at great length by this August
Assembly is: whether we should adopt a parliamentary or a presidential form of
government. Most governments of the world have been classified by political
science authorities into two main divisions those following the parliamentary
system of government; and those following the presidential system of government.
An illustration of the latter type is the great and powerful Commonwealth State
of the United States of America from whom this Convention owes the grace of
meeting in this session to formulate a fundamental law. Another great nation
which has been cited as illustration of the former system is the British Empire,
conservative in its tendencies and stable in its government. But if I were to
decide, Mr. President, on the kind of government I want, I would not have any
reason to hesitate and say that I shall unequivocally vote for the presidential
system. The Presidential system in the United States, Mr. President, has been
characterized with great success in the operation of its different branches. On
the other hand, we have the examples of parliamentary systems of government like
those of France, of Spain, of Haiti, of Chile in South America, and other
countries in the world which have been characterized by great instability.
Ministers fall and rise by the mere caprice of the Members of the National
Assembly or of the Legislature, and there has never been a fixed policy in the
government carried on by the same set of men. If I were to choose, Mr.
President, between the regularity of occurrence of the various succeeding
administrations in a presidential system, so vividly described as resembling the
recurrence of the tide, and of the instability in a parliamentary system, I
would invariably cast my vote in favor of the presidential system.
But, Mr, President, our proposal now is not that this Assembly should adopt
the parliamentary system of government. I am in favor of the presidential
system. But between the presidential system and the parliamentary system is a
realm of shadow where the two merge together in order to form a government that
shall be as consummate and as perfect as possible. The history of the Cabinet
system, Mr. President, was said to have begun in England; but its propagation
has not been successful in the other countries which have adopted it. On the
other hand, Mr. President, there are countries with the same traditions and
under the same conditions as those of the Filipino people, which have adopted a
medium between the parliamentary and the presidential system of government.
The parliamentary system of government has been characterized by two main
features, namely, first, the complete and immediate responsibility of the
Cabinet to the Legislature; and second, the assumption by the Cabinet of all the
functions of the executive in the Government and a direct participation by the
Cabinet in the functions of the Legislative. The writer and constitutional
scientist, Mr. Beckhead, has well described the Cabinet in a parliamentary
system as a hypen that joins the buckles, that fasten the legislative and the
executive departments.
The instability and the frequency of change of ministers under the
parliamentary system has been to a great extent minimized by the suppression of
most of the outstanding characteristics of such a system so as to give a certain
degree of identity to a system as belonging neither to the presidential nor to
the parliamentary. I would want to call the attention of the Gentlemen of the
Convention that the draft itself contains the elements of a parliamentary system
of government. I want to cite, in the first place, the provision in section 5,
Article 7, page 15 of the draft. It provides as follows: The secretaries of
Departments upon their own initiative or upon the request of the National
Assembly may appear before, and be heard by, the Assembly, on any matter
pertaining to their Departments.”
I recall quite well, Mr. President, that one of the speakers on the draft has
so very well taken care of discussing the same topic that I am taking up now. I
believe that it was Delegate Locsin from Negros who made the comment that this
provision contains the element of a parliamentary system of government.
MR. VENTURA: Mr. President, will the Gentleman yield?
THE PRESIDENT: The Gentleman may yield, if he so desires.
MR. VINZONS: Willingly.
MR. VENTURA: Is it not a fact that, even under the presidential form of
government, any member of the Cabinet or any executive secretary may, at the
request of the present Legislature even before the appointment of the new
department secretaries who are members of the Legislature, appear before this
body to explain certain items of the appropriation, in spite of the fact that it
does not mean that there is a parliamentary system of government here in the
Philippine Islands?
MR. VINZONS: I shall answer the Gentleman by saying that the practice of
having members of the cabinet appear in the Legislature has never been adopted
in a purely presidential type of government as in the United States. The
secretaries of departments in the United States have never been given the
privilege to appear before the Congress in order to explain the appropriations
Act, or any measure pertaining to their departments. On the other hand, this
practice has been followed in the Philippines, which has adopted, as I said,
elements of both the parliamentary and Presidential systems, and in certain
South American countries which likewise have adopted a system mid-way between
the presidential and the parliamentary type.
I have stated that this provision of the draft in section 5 contains the
elements of a parliamentary system of government. May I quote from an authority,
Mr. President, that the entry of the ministers into the chambers is considered
by some writers as an essential element in cabinet government. In fact, Sidney
Lowe is of the opinion that it is the root of the whole parliamentary form of
government.
There is another provision in the draft to which I would like to call the
attention of this august Assembly, the one appearing in section 5, paragraph 1,
page 14.
It states that the President shall submit, within fifteen days of the opening
of the regular session of the National Assembly, a budget of receipts and
expenditures which shall be the basis of a general appropriation bill. It
further states that the National Assembly may not increase the appropriations
recommended by the Chief Executive. This, Mr. President, grants the power to
submit an appropriation act and at the same time limits the power of the
National Assembly to increase the appropriation recommended by the Chief
Executive. I wish to call your attention, Gentlemen of the Convention, to the
mistaken concept presented by the preceding speaker when he said that the
Malolos Constitution adopted a Cabinet system of government. There can be no
graver travesty against the draft of the Malolos Constitution than to state that
it adopted a parliamentary form of government. I would like to call your
attention to Article 43 of the Malolos Constitution which provides as follows,
in the same way as is provided in Section 5, paragraph 3, page 15 of the draft:
“Los secretaries de gobierno tendrán entrada en la Asamblea con derecho a que
se les conceda la palabra siempre que la pidan.” That is the provision of
Article 43 which gives to the members of the Cabinet the right to appear in the
Assembly. But besides that, Mr. President, there is a further provision which
reads as follows;
“Articulo 52. El Representante de la Asamblea que acepte del Gobierno
pensión, empleo o comisión con sueldo, se entenderá que renuncia a su cargo.
“Exceptúanse de esta dlsposición el empleo de Secretario de
Gobierno de la República, y otros cargos señalados en leyes especiales.”
A close observation will reveal that this is very analogous to
the provision of paragraph 9 of section 3 of the draft which prohibits any
Member of the National Assembly from accepting any position in the Government
without forfeiting his seat. The second paragraph of article 52 of the Malolos
Constitution contains this provision “Exceptúanse de esta disposición el empleo
de Secretario de Gobierno de la República, y otros cargos señalados en leyes
especiales.” This paragraph of article 52 of the Malolos Constitution is
pratically the essence of the proposal now before this august Assembly — to
except from the prohibition of occupying any other position in the government
during his term of office the members of the Cabinet or Department Secretaries.
And we want to adduce certain reasons why we advocate this proposition. I shall
cite another authority, Mr. Keith, in his work “Responsible Government in the
Dominions.” I refer especially to the same provision in the draft of the
constitutions of several selfgoverning presidential dominions that any Member of
the National Assembly who accepts a Cabinet portfolio has to resign his seat in
the National Assembly. This is how Mr. Keith puts it in his book: In most of the
dominions “the inconsistent and stupid practice of requiring ministers after
accepting office to vacate their seats prevails as it did in England until very
recently, but in some of the Australian states the contrary practice has been
adopted.” No less an authority that Keith brands this practice as inconsistent
and stupid.
In South America, we have many examples. The Gentleman from
Ilocos Norte, my former Professor. Delegate Ventura, has very well stated that
in South America the presidential system is in vogue. It was adopted in
Argentina; it was adopted in Brazil. But let me quote certain provisions in the
Argentinian and Brazilian constitutions which adopt features of the
parliamentary from of government. In Article 92 of the Constitution of
Argentina, there is a statement as follows: Ministers may attend sessions and
take part in debate without vote. And in Articles 87 to 88 of the same
Constitution, it provides: Acts of the President shall be countersigned by the
ministers.
The Brazilian Constitution, Mr. President, is more emphatic in
its adoption of the presidential form of government. It provides that the
ministers may not appear in either Chamber; that they may communicate with the
Legislature only in writing; that the term of office of the President shall be
fixed. The only difference between the Brazilian system and that of the United
States is the provision requiring that the acts of the President be
countersigned by the Ministers.
With these examples before us, Mr. President and Gentlemen of
the Convention, which demonstrate the most recent tendencies in political
government throughout the world, I would want to cite an instance where a
certain Body or a group has adopted exactly the opposite principle. I wish to
cite, in the first place, the case of Italy. Italy, after the world war, was
under the parliamentary system of government. Therefore, when Mussolini assumed
the office of Prime Minister he was considered responsible to the Legislature.
His Fascist Party having risen into power, he caused to be passed certain
amendments to the Constitution making the Ministers responsible no longer to the
Legislature, but to the Crown and ultimately he became a dictator, thereby
putting to an end the parliamentary system.
THE PRESIDENT: The time of the Gentleman has expired.
MR. LIM: Mr. President, I yield five more minutes.
THE PRESIDENT: The Gentleman may proceed.
MR. VINZONS: May I call the attention of my beloved colleagues
that the Gentleman from Zambales, Mr. Labrador, emphasized last night the fact
that we have reduced greatly the power of the Legislature and unduly increased
the power of the Chief Executive. In fact, it could be gleaned from a cursory
reading of the draft that the Constitution establishes a very powerful Executive
and a very weak Legislature. The question that I want to propound to the
Gentlemen of the Convention is this: Having adopted this tendency in modern
constitution-making of vesting greater powers of government, in the President,
and abolishing the primacy of the Legislature, should be a sort of check and
balance in order that the President will not commit any abuses?
I have an authority to show that a similar tendency in other
countries has permitted the establishment of a dictatorship. This authority
states as follows: “The general tendencies in constitutional revision have
bearing on the same object; the suppression of legislative primary previously
established in the Constitutional texts. We have seen that this general tendency
towards the strengthening of the Executive can be realized by two methods: One,
a democratic way; the other, openly anti-democratic, dictatorial, with an
irresponsible executive.”
May I call your attention, finally, to the fact that in
advocating this system or this final change, we are not departing from the
traditions and customs of our government, of our politics.
It has been well stated that under the present system
inaugurated by President Quezon members of the Legislature may be appointed to
the Cabinet in order that there would be responsibility for legislation; that,
under the Harrison regime, which granted mote autonomy to the Filipino people
with greater participation in the Government, cabinet responsibility was
recognized; that under the Philippine Commission, which exercised legislative
power from 1900 to 1916, the Members of the Commission were likewise Members of
the Cabinet, and that, finally, Gentlemen, during the Spanish regime the
Governor General had the power to promulgate rules and regulations suplementary
to the laws promulgated by the King.
I assert, therefore, Mr. President, that in advocating this
system, we are simply following a tradition without any digression whatsoever.
THE PRESIDENT: The time of the Gentleman has expired.
Tiene la palabra el Delegado por Cebú, Señor Briones.
DISCURSO DEL SR. BRIONES
SR. BRIONES: Señor Presidente: Creo que, al fijar nuestra
posición en este importante asunto, pode mos sentirnos relevados de hacer una
argumentación extensa a favor de la proposición tal como está contenida en el
draft, a causa de la confesión hecha por los mismos proponentes de esta
enmienda, de que su propósito no es talmente cambiar el sistema de gobierno que
estructuramos en este proyecto de Constitución; confesión hecha particularmente
por el Delegado por Camarines Norte, Señor Vinzons, de que él es un ardiente
partidario del sistema presidencial.
Señor Presidente: Si hay unanimidad de pareceres entre Miembros
de esta Convención, de que el sistema mejor y más adaptado a la situación y
eondiciones filipinas es el sistema presidencial, no veo la razón por qué hemos
de desnaturalizar este sistema con esta enmienda que se propone hoy. Yo creo que
en esta estructuración del gobierno del Estado no puede haber soluciones
intermedias. Una de dos: o nos decidimos estructurar un sistema parlamentario, o
un sistema presidential. No puede haber una solución intermedia. La solución que
no estructure más que un sistema abierto tendería a crear confusión y caos en
nuestro gobierno.
Señor Presidente, el objeto de esta disposición de que ningún Miembro de la
Legislatura pueda desempeñar otro puesto sin dejar su asiento en ella, sobre
todo en el Gobierno, es para cerrar las puertas realmente a que algún Miembro de
la Legislatura pueda ser nombrado para el Gabinete; y hemos hecho esto, porque
hemos decidido en este proyecto de Constitucion estructurar un sistema
presidencial de gobierno. Si permitieramos que algunos Miembros de la
Legislatura o que el Gabinete mismo fuera compuesto enteramente de Miembros de
la Legislatura, no tendriamos mas que aceptar todas las consecuencias del
sistema parlamentario, en vez de estructurar un sistema presidencial, con
separacion de poderes, con el sistema de frenos y contrapesos entre si. La
caracteristica del sistema parlamentario o gobierno de Gabinete, es la confianza
entre el Poder Legislative y el Poder Ejecutivo. El Poder Ejecutivo no es mas
que una floración del Foder Legislativo; la Legislatura es en realidad la que
gobierna por medio del Gabinete, que no es mas que un comite o rama de la
Legislatura,
Otra consccueneia del sistema parlamentario, si deceidiéramos implantarlo
aquí es que el Gabinete tendría que ser responsable solamente a la Asamblea
Nacional, como representacíon del pueblo. No podría dividir su lealtad entre la
Asamblea Nacional y el Poder Ejecutivo, porque el Poder Ejecutivo tiene que ser
leal consigo mismo, porque el Gabinete no seria, más que una floración y una
representacíon del Poder Legislativo mismo.
Otra consecuencia, si nos decedieramos a aceptar el sistema parlamentario, es
que algunos Miembros de la Legislatura podrían ser nombrados Miembros del
Gabinete, y tendríamos necesariamente que revisar este draft, y adoptar aquí el
sistema del voto de censura. Como todo el mundo sabe, en Constitueiones donde se
estructura el sistema parliamentario se ha tenido que proveer el voto de
censura. Asi vemos aquí, en la Constitución española, que ha adoptado el sistema
parlamentario, que los Miembros del Gabinete son susceptibles de ser censurados
por la Cámara de Diputados. El voto de censura tiene que ser iniciado por
cincuenta Miembros de la Cámara de Diputados, y si el voto de censura es
aprobado por una mayoria de dicha Cámara, es obligatoria la formación de un
nuevo Gobierno. Así vemos que en la Constitución de Checoeslovaquia se provee
que el Gabinete esté scmetido al voto de censura. El voto de censura tiene que
ser iniciado por cien Miembros de la Cámara de Diputados y si se aprueba es
obligatoria, es forzosa la dimision del Gabinete para ser sustituido por otro
más aceptable y del agrado de la Cámara de Diputados.
Ahora bien; si aceptamos estas consecuencias, ¿hay aquí, acaso, alguna
disposición de que el Gabinete que se forme sea responsable ante la Legislatura
y nada mas que la Legislatura? No la hay; ¿por qué? Porque los proponentes
mismos de la enmienda ban dicho que aceptan el sistema presidencial. ¿Hay alguna
disposicion de que los Miembros del Gabinete puedan ser censurados y que, por
virtud del voto de censura de una mayoría de la Legislatura contra los Miembros
del Gabinete, que son Miembros de la Legislatura, dichos Miembros del Gabinete
ha van de dimitir? No existe esa disposición, porque ya he dicho que no puede
haber soluciones intermedias en esta cuestíon. U optamos por un sistema u
optamos por otro.
SR. CONFESOR: Señor Presidente, ¿me permite el orador algunas preguntas?
SR. BRIONES: Sí , Señor.
EL PRESIDENTE: Puede formular sus preguntas el Delegtado por Iloilo .
SR. CONFESOR: ¿Acaso hay en las Constituciones que adoptan el sistema
parlamentario disposiciones de que en el caso de que la Legislatura aprobara un
voto de falta de confianza en el Gabinete, éste deberá dimitir?
SR. BRIONES: Sí, Señor. Puedo leer a Su Señoria inmediatamente la disposición
contenida en la Constitución española sobre el particular. La Constitución de
España dice lo siguiente:
“El Congreso podrá aeordar un voto de censura contra el Gobierno o alguno de
sus ministros.
“Todo voto de censura debera ser propuesto en forma motivada y por escrito
con las firmas de cincuenta Diputados en posesion del cargo.
“Esta proposición deberá ser comunicada a todos los Diputados y no podrá ser
discutida ni votada hasta pasados cinco días de su presentación.
“No se considerará obligado a dimitir el Gobierno ni el ministro, cuando el
voto de censura no fuere aprobado por la mayoría absoluta de los Diputados que
constituye la Cámara.”
Lo cual quiere decir que si el voto de censura es aprobado por la mayoria de
la Cámara de Diputados, el Gobierno tiene necesariamente que dimitir.
SR. CONFESOR: ¿Cuándo fue aprobada esa Constitución? ¿No es acaso reciente?
¿Y no es acaso verdad que la cuestión del sistema parlamentario es una tradición
que España ha copiado?
SR. BRIONES: En la Constitución de Czechoslovaquia existe la misma
disposición:
Art. 78. (1) Should the Chamber or Deputies vote lack of confidence in the
Government or should it reject the Government’s proposal for a vote of confi
dence, the Government shall resign to the President. The President shall then
determine who shall direct the government affairs until a new Government be
formed.
(2) Should the Government resign at a time when there is no
Presidentor Vice-President, the decision as to the resignation and as to
the direction of governmental affairs shall be referred to the committee defined
under Article 54.
SR. CONFESOR: Me permite Su Señoria otra pregunta?
SR. BRIONES: Todavía no he contestado completamente al Delegado por Iloílo.
Posiblemente el Delegado por Iloílo se refiera a la Constitución inglesa al
decir: “tradici ón que España ha copiado”; pero él sabe que la Constitución
inglesa no está escrita, no es más que una tradición. Todo el mundo sabe también
que todas estas Constituciones que han adoptado el sistema pariamentario tienen
su origen en la tradición inglesa y no hay tradición mas fuerte, no escrita en
la Constitución inglesa, que la dimisión del Gabinete. Cuando el Gabinete ha
perdido la confianza de la Cámara de los Comunes, aquél dimite y ésta se
disuelve para dar al electorado la oportunidad de decidir quién tiene la razón,
si el Gobierno saliente o la Cámara de los Comunes.
SR. CONFESOR: ¿Cuál cree Su Señoria que es mejor para nosotros: el sistema
parlamentario o el sistema presidencial?
SR. BRIONES: Esta cuestión, creo yo, es pura mente académica en esta
Asamblea. Como ha dicho bien el Delegado por Camarines Norte Señor Vinzons,
hubiésemos podido discutir ampliamente esta cuestion antes de ahora; pero desde
el momento que nos hemos decidido por el sistema presidencial, porque los mismos
proponentes de la enmienda dicen ser partidarios del sistema presidencial, para
mi es puramente académico cuál es el mejor sistema de gobierno para nosotros, si
es el sistema presidencial o el parlamentario. Pero si a mí me pre guntan,
personalmente, digo que opto por el sistema presidencial porque es el sistema
con el que más familiarizados están los filipinos y es el más acomodado a
nuestro carácter, a nuestras tradiciones políticas, a nuestras instituciones y a
nuestra ideología.
SR. CONFESOR: ¿Por qué se ha puesto en este draft que los Miembros del
Gabinete tendran derecho de estar presentes en las sesiones de la Camara y
podran tomar parte en los debates?
SR. BRIONES: A eso iba yo ahora. Señor Presidente, se ha dicho que en este
proyecto de Constitución hay algunos elementos de gobierno parlamentario, pero
son los elementos menos esenciales, porque el derecho que tiene el Jefe
Ejecutivo de ser oído o la obligación que tiene de comparecer, si así lo
requiere la Asamblea, no es el elemento esencial del sistema parlamentario; el
elemento esencial del sistema parlamentario, como sabe Su Señoria, es la fusión
de los dos Poderes: el Legislative y el Ejecutivo, en el sentido de que el mismo
Poder Legislativo administra el Gobierno por medio del Gabinete. No solamente
legisla la Cámara de los Comunes sino que ademas administra o gobierna por medio
de sus comites. Y ésa es la esencia del gobierno parlamentario. El elemento
parliamentario que hemos admitido aqui es el elemento que podria yo llamar
informacional. Hemos incorporado esta cláusula en la Constitución precisamente
para establecer una especie de eslabón entre la Asamblea Nacional y el Jefe
Ejecutivo en lo que respecta a la informacion; pero esto no significa que la
Asamblea Nacional ha de administrar o ha de ejercer funciones gubernamentales
por medio de la administración, que es lo que se haría si permitiéramos que
algunos Miembros de la Asamblea Nacional fuesen Miembros del Gabinete.
Espero que estará dispuesto Su Señoria a aceptar la proposición una vez que
esté convencido de que esta adopción que hacemos del elemento informacional del
sistema parlamentario es una gran mejora que aportamos al establecer el sistema
presidential sin prostituir, sin desnaturalizar la tegoria de la separación de
poderes, que es la espina dorsal del sistema presidential, con esta disposition
de que podrá ser oído el Poder Ejecutivo en la Asamblea Nacional. Traemos un
elemento de información que ha de ser muy benefieioso para la tarea de legislar
y para la administracion de los asuntos públicos.
SR. CONFESOR: ¿No cree Su Señoria que es peligroso admitir a Miembros del
Gabinete en la Asamblea? Porque podrian amenazar a esta diciendo: “Si ustedes
aprueban esta medida, vamos a recomendar el veto.”
SR. BRIONES: Eso seria un camouflage, un bluff, como otro
cualquiera. Yo no creo que haya una Legislatura que consienta en ser amenazada
por un grupo de hombres que tienen asiento delante de ella, pero que no tienen
voto ni pueden influir para nada en las decisiones de la Asamblea Nacional.
SR. ARANETA: Para unas preguntas al orador, Señor Presidente.
EL PRESIDENTE: El orador puede contestar, si le place.
SR. BRIONES: Si, Señor.
SR. ARANETA: Parece que he entendido del orador que la esencia del sistema
parlamentario es el poder de censura. ¿Cree Su Señoria que con el sistema que se
ha adoptado en Filipinas, los Miembros de la Legislatura, lejos de implantar el
sistema parlamentario, por el contrario, han fortalecido el sistema presidencial
por no haber incluído la censura y porque el Gobernador o el Presidente,
teniendo en su Gabinete a Miembros de la Legislatura, cuenta en efecto con
delegados suyos dentro de la misma, que sirven para llevar a cabo su politica?
SR. BRIONES: Si, Señor; pero en la práctica esta confusión de responsabilidad
podrá dar lugar a muchos inconvenientes, y de hecho creo que es así, porque los
Miembros del Gabinete que son Miembros de la Asamblea no son responsables ante
la Asamblea sino primordialmente ante el Jefe Ejecutivo. Lo que ocurre es que no
podemos localizar la responsabilidad en materia de legislación. Ocurre el caso
de que si aprobamos un proyecto en la Legislatura, o una de dos, o los Miembros
del Gabinete que son Miembros de la Legislatura han concurrido o no han
concurrido en la aprobación de ese proyecto. Si han concurrido, no hay ninguna
cuestión; quiere decir que ellos se hacen solidarios de la aprobación de ese
proyecto y al ser éste sometido al Jefe Ejecutivo para su aprobacion o para su
veto, recomiendan su aprobación; pero en la práctica, hemos visto que ha
ocurrido muchas veces que las luchas por un proyecto no terminan en las Cámaras
por la intervencion de los Miembros del Gabinete; la lucha se lleva mas alia de
las fronteras de la Cámara; los Miembros del Gabinete que son Miembros de la
Legislatura llevan su oposición no en las Cámaras sino en el Palacio del Jefe
Ejecutivo y allí recomiendan el veto del proyecto. Esta es una de las anomalías,
uno de los inconvenientes de este sistema, como lo ha calificado muy bien el
Delegado por Ilocos Norte, Senor Ventura .
SR. ARANETA: Me doy cuenta de esa objeción planteada por el orador; pero
quiero llevar el asunto al terreno de la informacion para saber si Su Señoria
está a favor de fortalecer el sistema presidencial.
SR. BRIONES: Mi intención no es talmente fortalecer un poder por encima de
otro poder. Yo quiero adherirme a la esencia misma del sistema presidencial, que
es la teoría de la separación de poderes; que los poderes deben estar separados,
pero que ninguno de ellos sea en algo superior a los otros. Deben funcionar
armónicamente, coordinadamente, y del conjunto de la coordinacion surja la
función armónica. Esa es mi idea.
(Prosiguiendo.) Señor Presidente, lo que acontece con este sistema
presidencial que, como ya he dicho, no hace más que causar una confusión en el
juego de los Poderes, es que, no siendo responsables ante la Legisla tura los
Miembros del Gabinete que son Miembros de dicha Legislatura, lo más probable que
ocurra es el sistema del do ut des, o sea, que el legislador que es
Miembro del Gabinete, a lo mejor sacrifique sus deberes de legislador en aras de
sus deberes de ejecutivo, o bien sacrifique sus deberes de ejecutivo en aras de
sus deberes de legislador. Es una confusión que hace difícil localizar la
responsabllidad; puede dar lugar a una seric de connivencias y contubemios que
no suelen redundar en beneficio de la causa pública. Por eso, repito, que lo
mejor para nosotros es decídir a qué sistema nos adherimos y decidido esto
debemos adherirnos a ese sistema con todas sus esencias, y con todas sus
caracteris ticas; no podemos establecer un sistema híbrido.
Señor Presidente, si lo que se quiere es que haya una compenetración entre el
poder ejecutivo y el legislativo, ya es bastante lo que tenemos en el
draft; el derecho del Gabinete de ser oído. Si se quiere más, si se
quiere que haya más compenetración entre el Jefe Ejecutivo y la Legislatura—y no
hablo por mis compa neros del Subcomité de Siete, no hago más que que vocear mi
opinion personal—no tendría ningún inconveniente en que se consagre en la
Constitución la existencia del Consejo de Estado para informar al Jefe Ejecutivo
sobre la politica o de la norma de aceion de la Legislatura, pára que aquél a su
vez, por medio de esta ligazón, por medio de este puente, por medio de este
eslabón, pueda ser oido en la Legislatura.
Por estas razones, pido que se rechace la enmienda.
SR. PAREDES: Para un turno en pro.
SR. GUZMAN (B.): Señor Presidente, habiéndose consumido ya un turno por ambas
partes, si la enmien da es rechazada, quedaría cerrado el paso al gobiemo
parlamentario; y como no hemos tratado todavía del sistema de gobierno que hemos
de adoptar, ¿no será mejor que reservemos la resolución de esta enmienda para
cuando diseutamos, sobre el Poder Ejecutivo, porque hasta ahora no hemos
resuelto si hemos de adoptar el sistema parlamentario o el sistema presidential
?
EL PRESIDENTE: Este es el lugar adecuado para discutir esto. Estamos tratando
del Poder Legislativo.
SR. GUZMAN (B.): Mi moción tiene carácter privilegiado.
EL PRESIDENTE: Ya está discutido el asunto. ¿Cómo vamos a diferirlo si
estamos ya en el período de votación ?
SR. GUZMAN (B.): Aun en período de votación, tengo derecho de pedir el
aplazamiento.
EL PRESIDENTE: ¿Desea hablar Su Señoria?
SR. GUZMAN (B.): Propongo que se aplace la consideración de esta enmienda
para cuando se discuta a fondo el Poder Ejeeutivo, porque tiene relación directa
con el Poder Ejecutivo la enmienda Lim. Si desaproba mos esta enmienda,
virtualmente habremos cerrado el paso a cualquiera otra forma de gobierno.
EL PRESIDENTE: ¿Está dispuesta la Asamblea a votar? (Una mayoría:
Sí).
Los que estén conformes con la moción de aplazamiento que digan Sí. (Una
minoría deDelegados: Si). Los que no lo estén, que digan
No. (Una mayoría de Delegados: No). Hay Una mayoria en
contra de la mocion. Queda rechazada.
Tiene la palabra el Delegado por Abra.
DISCURSO DEL SR. PAREDES
MR. PAREDES: Mr. President and Gentlemen of the Convention: I must thank the
Gentlemen of the Convention for having granted me the opportunity to speak
before them tonight on a question of vital importance. We have been talking
about the President and of the ministerial form of government. I have found out
that in the Philippine Islands we have never had a President nor a ministerial
system in the correct sense of the word. We have had simply a kind of
semi-ministerial system in which the members of the Cabinet have never been
responsible to the people but have been directly responsible to the Governor
General who has not been responsible to the people. We have had a system,
approaching the ministerial system of England, in so far as the members of the
Cabinet are concerned.
As I remember, the theory of the provision that we have been discussing is
that the members of the Cabinet or the members of the ministry shall serve as a
moderating power in the event of a conflict between the Upper House and the
Lower House. Since we have eliminated the Senate there will no longer be such
conflicts to be moderated by the Ministry or by the Cabinet. There will be no
more philosophy to this provision forbidding a Member of the Legislative
Assembly be appointed as Member of the Cabinet.
MR. CONFESOR: Mr. President, will the Gentleman yield to a question?
THE PRESIDENT: The Gentleman from Abra may yield if he so desires.
MR. PAREDES: Later on, Mr. President.
MR. PAREDES: (Continuing) We all know, Gentlemen of the Convention,
that with a member of the Cabinet in the Legislature, as provided in the system
we are planning to introduce, we shall have two intellects in the Legislature,
that is, the intellect of the people and the intellect of the Chief Executive.
It would be of great advantage to our government that Members of the Philippine
Legislature could also be Members of the Cabinet. Another reason for advocating
the amendment, Gentlemen of the Convention, is that, by adopting this amendment
we shall have at least members of the Cabinet who will be directly responsible
to the people. Under the system provided for in the draft, we shall have members
of the Cabinet who are not responsible to the people directly; they will be
responsible to the Chief Executive alone. Under this draft, members of the
Cabinet can be called to the National Assembly and interpellated or questioned
on a policy of the Administration; but this will not make them responsible to
that body.
Supposing that as a result of the debate on the measure being considered, the
explanation given by the member of the Cabinet is not considered satisfactory by
the Legislative Assembly, what action will be taken by the Secretary of
Department? He will not feel obliged to resign as a member of the Cabinet
because he can say: “I am not responsible to the people. I was not drawn from
the people. I was not drawn from the Senate or from the Lower House. Therefore,
I can stay here and not be responsible to anybody.”
Of course, he is still responsible to the President. But what kind of
responsibility does the President have to the people? We can impeach the
President, but we cannot impeach him for acts performed by others.
There are certain grounds for which we can impeach him and, of course
negligence is not one of them. If that is the case, upon whom can the people
place the responsibility? Is it on the Ministry or the Cabinet? If we adopt the
amendment of the Gentleman, then at least we can tell the people that the
Cabinet member has been drawn from the Legislative Body directly voted for by
themselves; that if they do not approve of the measure or policy that was
adopted with his support, they should no longer elect him into power.
But if we close the door forever to this possibility of Cabinet members being
chosen from the Assembly, then we will have destroyed our government because the
President who needs the advice of the people, who needs the thought of the
people is deprived of that thought of the people, because the members he has in
his Cabinet are not the representatives the people. And what will happen? We
will have to provide for a council composed of different elements in order to
advise the President.
In view of these considerations, Gentlemen of the Convention, I insist that
the President should not be deprived of the right to make his selection from the
House of Representatives, from the Assembly voted for by the people, elected by
the people, the true interpreters of what the people think and feel.
MR. CONFESOR: Mr. President, may I know from the Gentleman what system of
government did Roma have when Regulus wes a member of the Senate of Rome. Was it
Presidential or Ministerial?
MR. PAREDES: There was no such thing as a presidential system in the Senate
of Rome. Rome had a biconsular system of government and an imperial system of
government.
SR. KAPUNAN: Señor Presidente, para algunas preguntas al orador.
EL PRESIDENTE: El orador puede contestar, si le place.
SR. PAREDES: Sí, Señor.
SR. KAPUNAN: Suponiendo que adoptáramos en nuestro país el sistema
parlamentario, ¿no es verdad que con frecuencia ocurrirían las caídas de
ministerios ?
SR. PAREDES: Naturalmente.
SR. KAPUNAN: Muy bien: ¿no sabe Su Señoría que si ha progresado el sistema
parlamentario en Inglaterra, ha sido por los siglos de tradición en que se apoya
el sistema, y porque en Inglaterra existen partidos bien equilibrados, de tal
manera que se puede decir que el éxito del parlamentarismo esta en los partidos?
Suponiendo que en Filipinas no existiesen partidos, o si existen, sean numerosos
— porque aquí solemos cambiar con frecuencia de camisa — los ministerios caerían
con frecuencia. Ahora pregunto: ¿Habría dinero suficiente para las elecciones en
el caso de que los ministerios disolvieran las Camaras? ¿No es verdad que uno de
los privilegios de los ministros o del Gabinete es disolver las Cámaras para
llamar a nuevas elecciones ?
SR. PAREDES: Con esa excepción podríamos adoptar el sistema ministerial,
porque no vamos a sacar conclusiones generales casos particulares.
SR. KAPUNAN: Pero, supóngase que cada tres meses se formaran partidos de
coalición, y de tres en tres meses se tuvieran que celebrar elecciones, ¿habría
dinero suficiente para tantas elecciones?
SR. PAREDES: Es que no vamos a tener otras elecciones.
SR. KAPUNAN: No, cuando cae un ministro, siendo solidaria la responsabilidad,
tiene que caer el Gabinete ; pero antes de caer, tiene el recurso de disolver la
Cámara.
SR. PAREDES: No, Señor; solamente caen los ministros cuando la Cámara no
aprueba su actitud.
SR. KAPUNAN: Pero tienen el recurso de disolver la Cámara y llamar a nuevas
elecciones.
SR. QUIRINO: Pido la palabra, Señor Presidente. dente.
EL PRESIDENTE: Tiene la palabra el Delegado por Ilocos Sur.
DISCURSO DEL SR. QUIRINO
SR. QUIRINO: Señor Presidente y Caballeros de la Convención: Desgraciadamente
no estaba presente en el salón cuando la cuestión de las relaciones entre el
Jefe Ejecutivo y los Miembros del Departamento Ejecutivo del Gobierno, que son
actualmente Miembros de la Legislatura, se discutia en este recinto. Tengo
entendido, sin embargo, que se ha dado la impresión de que algunos Miembros de
la Legislatura, que son actualmente Miembros del Gabinete, a pesar de no haber
expresado su opinion en contra de algún proyecto pendiente ante la Legislatura o
ante cualquiera de las Cámaras, y aun des pués de haber expresado una opinión
favorable sobre dicho proyecto o proyectos de ley, al ejercer sus funciones como
Secretaries departamentales, se permitieron emitir opiniones en contra de dichos
proyectos recomendando el veto de los mismos. No sé si mi impresión es correcta
o no. Si es correcta, pido permiso a la Asamblea para que pueda emitir mi
humilde opinión sobre la conducta de los actuales Miembros del Gabinete que son
tambien Miembros de la Legislatura, porque puede interpretarse esta parte de la
Constitution que es a bajo nuestra consideratión, como una censura contra los
actuales Miembros del Gabinete que son Miembros también de la Legislatura.
(Varias voces: No.) Afortunadamente, me dicen ahora que no.
Quiero simplemente decir que ningún Miembro del actual Gabinete, que es
Miembro al mismo tiempo de la Legislatura, ha claudicado de sus convicciones al
emitir su opinión, como tal Miembro del Gabinete, sobre los proyectos pendientes
en la Legislatura cuando los mismos se discutieron estando él presente. Lo que
habrá habido es que los Miembros del Gabinete, que son tambien legisladores, por
cortesía a los Miembros de la Legislatura, no quisieron expresar abiertamente su
opinión en contra de la voluntad o el deseo de la mayoría de ambas Cámaras
reservándose el derecho de expresarla claramente para cuando se hubiesen
transmitido los proyectos a los Miembros de las Cámaras o cuando llegara el
tiempo propicio de emitir dicha opinión en el Gabinete. Pero decir que un
Miembro del Gabinete y a la vez de la Legislatura no ha expresado su opinión en
los recintos de las Camaras, eso no es verdad. Hay proyectos de ley que se han
aprobado por la Legislatura y han sido objeto de las observaciones, de las
opiniones de los Secretarios departamentales como Miembros de la Legislatura, Se
han expresado dichas opiniones individual y colectivamente: pero, naturalmente,
los Miembros de la Legislatura que son también Miembros del Gabinete, no
tuvieron más remedio que acatar pero reservando su derecho de repetir lo que
habian dicho en los recintos de las Cámaras, cuando se les requiriese expresar
su opinión.
SR. RAFOLS: Señor Presidente, para algunas preguntas al orador.
EL PRESIDENTE: ¿Está dispuesto a contestar el orador?
SR. QUIRINO: Con mucho gusto, Señor Presidente.
SR. RAFOLS: Cuando esos proyectos de ley, que fueron vetados por el
Gobernador General, fueron sometidos a la consideraión de la Legislatura,
¿formularon su opinión oponiéndose a la aprobación de dichos proyectos algunos
senadores que son Miembros del Gabinete al mismo tiempo?
SR. QUIRINO: Yo hablo por mi personalmente, y digo que cuando me oponía a un
bill, expresaba mi opinión a los Miembros del Comité y a los Miembros del
Senado.
SR. RAFOLS: Le voy a informar a Su Señoria que en cuanto a los bills
aprobados por la Cámara y que fueron vetados por el Gobernador General, ninguno
de los Miembros de la Cámara que al mismo tiempo son Miembios del Gabinete
expresó su opinión en contra de dichos bills y esto se repetirá si vamos a
seguir admitiendo que los Miembros de la Legislatura puedan ser al mismo tiempo
Miembros del Gabinete.
SR. QUIRINO: Deseo manifestar que ningún Miembro del Gabinete ha recomendado
el veto sobre cualquier proyecto. Han expresado su opinión y demostrado los
hechos al Gobernador General para que éste determinara si habría de vetar o de
aprobar el proyecto; pero ninguno ha recomendado el veto.
SR. RAFOLS: Eso de expresar su opinión ¿no significa acaso recomendar el
veto?
SR. QUIRINO: Desde luego, cuando uno expresa su opinion y lo deja a
discrecion del Jefe Ejecutivo para que lo decida, esta en el Jefe Ejecutivo el
aceptar o no la opinion como buena o erronea.
SR. RAFOLS: ¿Y no es verdad que con la continuacion del sistema actual se
hace que un Miembro del Gabinete tenga que emitir opiniones distintas por no
poder sostener una opinion contraria al proyecto de ley una vez aprobado por la
Legislatura?
SR. QUIRINO: Precisamente, deseo anunciar ahora que estoy conforme con el
draft, y la razón por la cual lo favorezco es por la situation embarazosa
en que se ve colocado un Miembro del Gabinete que es al mismo tiempo Miembro de
la Legislatura, y lo digo por expe riencia. Es dificil tener que reconocer a dos
amos. (Aplausos.)
SR. ORENSE : For esa manifestación, renuncio a mi derecho de dirigir
preguntas al orador, Señor Presidente.
SR.QUIRINO: Y lo digo por experiencia, porque, como legislador y politico,
necesariamente tiene uno que respetar la voluntad de la mayoría cuando se está
discutiendo un proyecto en las Cámaras, y sería embarazosa la situación en que
se vería un Miembro de la Legislatura Que fuese al mismo tiempo Miembro del
Gabinete, en el caso de que se aprobara la enmienda que se está considerando,
porque colocaría, como he dicho antes, al Miembro del Gabinete en una situación
tan embarazosa que no sabría a quien seguir, si al Jefe Ejecutivo o a la
Legislatura. (Varias voces: Muy bien, muy bien.)
Como ha dicho muy bien el Caballero de Cápiz, Señor Roxas, el propósito es no
solamente democratizar al Jefe Ejecutivo sino también conseguir la haimonizacion
del funcionamiento del gobiemo que está dirigido por dos poderes: el poder
popular representado por la Legislatura y el podcr sobcrano que representa el
Jefe Ejecutivo.
SR. CONFESOR: Para una pregunta al orador, Señor Presidente.
EL PRESIDENTE: Puede contestar el orador, si lo desea.
SR. QUIRINO: Con mucho gusto, Señor Presidente
SR. CONFESOR: Su Señoria ha dicho que los Miembros de la Legislatura que al
mismo tiempo son Miembros del Gabinete tienen dos amos. En esencia ¿quién es el
mejor amo?
SR. QUIRINO: El mejor amo es el pueblo, y cuando un Secretario departamental
cree que es perjudicial para el pueblo la aprobación de un proyecto, no importa
lo que diga el Jefe Ejecutivo, no importa lo que diga la Legislatura, debe
seguir lo que cree en conciencia que debe hacer para sostener lo que quiere el
pueblo.
EL PRESIDENTE: Se va a votar la enmienda,
SR. LIM: Quisiera pedir una votacíon nominal.
EL PRESIDENTE: ¿Que dice la Asamblea? (Varios Delegados: No más; por
división solamente.)
Los que estén conformes con la enmienda, se serviran ponerse de pie. (11
Delegados se levantan.) Los que no lo estén, que se pongan de pie también.
(96 Delegados se levantan.)
Por noventa y seis votos negatives contra once votes afirmativos se rechaza
la enmienda.
SUSPENSIÓN DE LA SESIÓN
EL PRESIDENTE: Si no hay ninguna objeción, se suspende la sesion por algunos
minutos, (No hubo objecion .)
REANUDACIÓN DE LA SESIÓN
EL PRESIDENTE: Se reanuda la sesion.
Léase la enmienda del Delegado por Bulacán, Senor Villarama.
EL SECRETARIO:
En la página 12, línea 18, después de la palabra “other” insértese lo
siguiente: “full time.”
SR. ENRIQUEZ: Señor Presidente, para una pregunta al Delegado por Cebú, Señor
Briones.
EL PRESIDENTE: El Delegado puede contestar, si le place.
SR. BRIONES: Si, Señor.
SR. ENRIQUEZ: Mi pregunta tiene relación con la fraseología del párrafo 9,
que dice así la primera parte:
“Ningún diputado de la Asamblea Nacional podrá ocupar ningún otro cargo o
empleo en el Gobierno sin perder su asiento en la Asamblea:” Mi duda es ésta:
Suponiendo que se aprobara o se incorporara en la Constitución el
“entendiéndose” y ocurriese que un Diputado que es capitán del Ejército, pero de
reserva, fuese llamado a servicio activo, y suponiendo que se le mandara al
Japón o a China, y después de un mes volviese a Filipinas, de acuerdo con esta
parte del “entendiéndose,” ya no podría volver a su puesto en la Asamblea,
porque ha ocupado otro cargo, otro empleo en el Gobierno, pues aqui se habla en
términos generales.
SR. BRIONES: ¿Su Señoria se refiere a un Diputado que a la vez es capitán de
reserva del Ejército filipino?
SR. ENRIQUEZ: Si, Señor.
SR. BRIONES: Pues eso no cae dentro de este párrafo, Aquí no se hace ninguna
distinción; dice: “cualquiera que ocupe un cargo.” De modo que un Diputado no
puede aceptar ningún otro cargo. La palabra aceptación implica voluntariedad,
implica un nombramiento que puede ser o no aceptado; pero Su Señoria habla de un
puesto obligatorio, impuesto.
SR. ENRIQUEZ: Me he equivocado usando la palabra aceptar; pero el
draft dice claramente que “ningun Diputado de la Asamblea Nacional podrá
ocupar.” Ha sido un lapsus linguae. Voy a corregirlo. Concretándome a la
misma fraseologiá, tal como está, mi duda es si, según esta parte, ese Diputado
no podrá ocupar ningún otro cargo o empleo en el gobierno, sin perder su
asiento, pues habiendo ocupado el cargo de capitán, siendo diputado,
consecuentemente tiene que perder esa plaza.
SR. BRIONES: ¿Quiere decir Su Señoria que él estaba en la reserva al ser
elegido Miembro de la Asamblea Nacional u ocupaba ese cargo con emolumento?
SR. ENRIQUEZ: Desde luego.
SR. BRIONES: Si vuelve al servicio active, personalmente creo que él debe, o
tiene necesariamente que dejar su puesto en la Asamblea.
SR. ENRIQUEZ; ¿No cree Su Señoria que se debe enmendar esta parte del
precepto, porque sería una injusticia para el que va a la guerra por estar
obligado. El no quiere dejar el cargo de diputado, pero, como existe el servicio
militar obligatorio, tiene que dejar el cargo, y cuando vuelve encuentra au
puesto declarado vacante. ¿No cree Su Señoria que el Comité debiera enmendar
esta parte del precepto en el sentido de excluir ese caso?
SR. BRIONES: No sé por qué debe ser excluído ese caso; no veo la necesidad de
que lo sea.
SR. ENRIQUEZ: Entonces, podría ocurrir que si la mayoría de los que componen
la Asamblea Nacional son oficiales de reserva, y se les llamara al servicio, no
podría convocarse a la Asamblea porque ya no habria miembros bastantes que la
compongan.
SR. BRIONES: Yo creo que las leyes de conscripción exceptúan a los miembros
de la Asamblea Nacional. Es ésa la práctica general en todo el mundo. Los
miembros de la Asamblea Nacional estan exentos de la conscripción.
SR. ENRIQUEZ: Pero si incorporamos en la Constitución el servicio
obligatorio…
SR. BRIONES: Pero si él opta por servir en las filas, naturalmente tiene que
estar comprendido bajo esta regla. Quiero decir que si él ha optado por servir a
su país en las filas, dejando de ser miembro de la Asamblea Nacional, eso ya
sería un caso de voluntariedad; él no está obligado, porque las leyes de
conscripción exceptuan a los miembros de la Asamblea Nacional.
SR. ENRIQUEZ: Para otra pregunta. Bajo la segunda parte de este mismo inciso,
se dice: “ni durante el tiempo por que fue elegido podrá ser nombrado para
cualquier empleo civil bajo la autoridad del Gobierno filipino que haya sido
creado.” Suponiedo que de entre esos mismos diputados se nombrara a algunos
miembros de una misión, cuya retribución se haya aumentado; me refiero a esos
mismos diputados que van, a formar parte de una mision a Francia, por ejemplo, o
a América.
SR. BRIONES: No están comprendidos esos cases. Esta fraseología está tomada
de la Ley Jones, y la Ley Jones, con esta clausula, no ha impedido que los
miembros de la Legislatura hayan sido miembros de esas misiones.
SR. RAFOLS: Para algunas preguntas al Caballero de Cebú.
EL PRESIDENTE: El Delegado por Cebti puede contestar, si le place.
SR. BRIONES: Si, Señor.
SR. RAFOLS: Un capitán, como decía el Caballero, pero no de la reserva, sino
en servicio activo, se presents candidate a diputado y sale elegido. Ese
capitán, ¿podrá desempeñar el cargo?
SR. BRIONES: Él no puede ser elegido si no deja gu puesto.
SR. RAFOLS: Pero no hay ninguna prohibición.
SR. BRIONES: Las leyes ordinarias prohiben a los empleados cíviles
presentarse candidatos, a menos que dejen sus cargos, y si se prohibe a los
empleados cíviles, ¿cómo no ha de comprender esta regla a los militares? Con
mayor razón.
SR. RAFOLS: Entonces ese capitán ¿no puede ser elegido Presidente de la
República?
SR. BRIONES: Tiene que dejar su puesto antes de presentarse candidate a un
cargo.
SR. RAFOLS: Pero no hay nada en la Constitución que prohiba que sea nombrado
después de elegido.
SR. BRIONES: La. Legislatura puede legislar sobre eso, y de hecho hay leyes
sobre ese particular.
EL PRESIDENTE: Léase la siguiente enmienda.
EL SECRETARIO:
En la página 12, línea 18, después de la palabra “employment” insertese lo
siguiente: “which carries with it a salary or compensation.”
SR. VENTURA : Quisiera pedir algunos informes del Caballero de Cebú.
SR. ROXAS: Contestaré a Su Señoria mientras esté ausente el Caballero de
Cebú.
SR.VENTURA: Refiriéndome a esta parte: “Algún otro cargo o empleo”. Mi
enmienda se lee como sigue; “which carries with it, compensation.”I have mind in
presenting this amendment, Mr. President the positions in the Board of Regents
of the University of the Philippines, the positions in the Philippine National
Bank.
MR. ROXAS: I can answer that question now by saying…
MR. VENTURA: And also the Council of State, if in the future we will
establish that institution under the Commonwealth, or the Judicial Council which
is provided for in the Judicial Department. If a member of the National Assembly
is appointed to the position in the Judicial Council, will he have to resign,
then, his position as Member of the National Assembly?
MR. ROXAS: I do not think so.
MR. VENTURA: But he is appointed as a member of the Council of State because
he is the speaker of the
National Assembly. He has to be a member of the Council of State.
MR. ROXAS: I do not think so, because, as the courts have interpreted it, the
term “office” or “employment,” necessarily implies the element of compensation
attached to it. In the definition of the word “office.” the courts have always
held that one of the elements is compensation. The position must be given
certain jurisdiction, there must be a certain term, and there must be
compensation attached to it; otherwise it is not an office or an employment.
MR. VENTURA: What would you all the position held by a member of the Board of
Regents?
MR. ROXAS: Membership in the board. As a member of the Board of Regents, one
does not receive compensation.
MR. VENTURA: It is called “office”.
MR. ROXAS: Legally, it is not exactly an office because it does not carry
compensation. And then, Mr. President, these positions in the Board of Regents
of the University or in the National Bank are not included in this precept
because this precept includes only offices or employment in the government. The
University of the Philippines is an independent corporation. So is the National
Bank. There is no appointment by the Government; the appointment is by the
President or by the Board of Directors of the bank.
MR. VENTURA: Referring to the Council of State that may be established…
MR. ROXAS: Well, that is advisory; that is not an office because it does not
carry compensation unless it be made a permanent body with jurisdiction and
compensation. But if it is the Council of State with advisory function, then it
is not an office in the legal sense of the term.
MR. VENTURA: Supposing he receives per diem?
MR. ROXAS: If the body is advisory, it is not an of fice.
MR. VENTURA: I mean the other offices or certain boards.
MR. ROXAS: For example?
MR. VENTURA: For example a Tariff Commission.
MR. ROXAS: If he is a member of the Tariff Commission (suppose we create a
Tariff Commission) and he has been appointed to that office, resigning as a
member of the Legislature, he is entitled to compensation.
MR. VENTURA: If that is the case, I withdraw the amendment.
EL PRESIDENTE: Léase la enmienda del Delegado por Tayabas, Señor Millar.
ELSECRETARIO:
Del Delegado Millar: Página 12-A. Línea 20, suprímanse las palabras: “sin
perder su asiento en la Asaniblea ni,” y en la línea 21, suprímase lo que
aparece después de la palabra “elegido” hasta el final del inciso.
SR. MILLAR: Señor Presidente, en vista de quf está casi resuelta esa
enmienda, pido permiso para reti rarla.
EL PRESIDENTE: Si no hay objecion, se, da por retirada. Léase la enmienda del
Delegado por Nueva Viz caya, Señor Cabarroguis.
EL SECRETARIO:
By Delegate Cabarroguis: Page 13, line 3, change “(10)” to “(a) interest in
public contract prohibited,” and the word “Assembly” to “Congress,” on line 8,
change “Assembly” to “Congress,” on line 9 and 10, strike out the word
“inferior”.
EL PRESIDENTE: Al Comité deEstilo.
Léase la enmienda del Delegado por Cagayán, Señor Pío.
EL SECRETARIO:
By Delegate Pío: Page 13, line 4, strike out the words “or indirectly.”
MR. PIO: Mr. President, may I ask some questions from the Chair? For example,
a Member of the Legislature forms a partnership with an engineer, and the
partnership or corporation enters into a contract with the Government, would he
be indirectly entering into a contract with the government?
SR. BRIONES: Si, Señor.
MR. PIO: Then in that case, this is fundamental.
SR. BRIONES: Además, ni siquiera es indirecto eso. Esa es Una participación
directa. Él pertenece a esa sociedad y deriva ganancias de la misma.
MR. PIO: Then that would be prohibiting the Mem bers of the National
Assembly from being stockholders of a corporation?
SR. BRIONES: Sí.
MR. PIO: And supposing a person is a stockholder in a corporation, would he
have to sell his stock before he can be a member of the Legislature?
SR.BRIONES: Naturalmiente, él, por rezones de propriedad, no tiene más
remedio que hacerlo. Si esa entidad va a celebrar contratos con el Gobierno,
como cuestión de moral publica, el no tiene más remedio que aserlo.
MR. PIO: Mr. President, I would like to explain my amendment.
THE PRESIDENT: The Gentleman has the floor.
DISCURSO DEL SR. PIO
MR. PIO: Mr. President and Gentlemen of the Convention: My amendment is very
simple. It consists only in striking out the phrase “or indirectly” from
subsection 10 of section 3 of the draft.
Mr. President, the first part of the said subsection prohibits Members of the
National Assembly during their terms of office from being directly or indirectly
financially interested in any contract with the government or any subdivision or
instrumentality thereof, or in any franchise or special privilege granted by the
National Assembly. Evidently, the purpose of the precept is to correct the
present practice of some Members of the Legislature who are directly financially
intrested in some contracts with the Government. The said practice has been
denounced time and again by the press and the public, and naturally any
provision that tends to remedy the situation would be a welcome innovation.
But, Mr. President, such precept goes beyond remedying the present situation.
It does not only correct the practice of some legislators in being directly
financially interested in some contracts with the Government but it also
prohibits all Members of the National Assembly from being financially interested
in business organizations which may be financially interested in any contract
with the government, or in any franchise or special privilege granted by the
National Assembly.
Mr. President, I believe that there are only very few men, if there are any
at all, who make politics their profession or means of earning a livelihood. I
sincerely believe that most of our legislators have professions giving them
income even before becoming legislators and also during their term of office.
Indeed, we can point with pride to the fact that our legislators are lawyers,
physicians, engineers, businessmen, and property owners. Accordingly, most of
our present legislators must have been financially interested in some
corporations, partnership and other business organization before becoming
legislators and also during their incumbency.
Mr. President, what is true with our present legislators will, I presume, be
also true with the future Members of the National Assembly. They will also be
lawyers, physicians, engineers, businessmen, and property owners. They will
likewise have business connections and will be interested in some corporations,
partnerships and other business organizations before they become Members of the
National Assembly.
Mr. President, all the stockholders of a corporation and the partners of a
partnership, although they are not officials of the same, are indirectly, at
least, financially interested in all business ventures of the said corporation
or partnership. Accordingly, when some stockholders of a corporation or the
partners of a partnership are Members of the National Assembly, and said
corporation or partnership happens to be interested financially in a certain
contract with the government or a certain franchise or special privilege granted
by the National Assembly, such Members are indirectly interested financially in
the said contract, franchise or privilege.
According to the precept under discussion, such a financial interest,
although an indirect one is prohibited And, therefore, when Members of the
National Assembly find themselves under such circumstances, they must either
sell out their stock or their holdings bringing about their own financial ruin.
On the other hand, their open violation of the Constitution may also bring about
their ouster from office. The inevitable outcome would, therefore, be the
keeping out of the National Assembly of good businessmen who as Assemblymen
could help in the solution of our economic problems, and also the barring of
Members of the National Assembly from helping in the organization and financing
of corporations, partnerships and other business entities or corporations which
help in the economic development of our country.
Mr. President, I sincerely believe that it is not the intention of this
Convention to place the Members of the National Assembly under such an
embarrassing position. I also sincerely believe that it is not the intention of
the Convention to keep out of the National Assembly good businessmen, who as
Assemblymen could help much in the solution of our economic problems nor to
prohibit the Members of the National Assembly from helping in the organization
and financing of corporations, partnerships and other business entities. Yet,
Mr. President, that is exactly what will happen under the precept in question,
unless we strike out the phrase “or indirectly” because while corporations and
partnerships have personalities which are different and distinct from those of
the stockholders or partners, such stockholders or partners are nevertheless
indirectly interested financially in the transactions of their corporations or
partnerships, and therefore, come under the provision of the said precept.
Furthermore, Mr. President, while the latter part of said subsection 10 of
sec 3 of the draft prohibits Members of the National Assembly from appearing as
counsel before any court inferior to the Court of Appeals or in any case wherein
the government is an adverse party, the same does not prohibit said Members from
appearing indirectly before the said courts. Members of the National Assembly
accordingly appear indirectly thru their partners before the courts inferior to
the Courts of Appeals or in any civil case in which the Government is an adverse
party. If Members of the National Assembly could thus indirectly appear before
courts and in cases in which they are prohibited to appear, Members of the
National Assembly who belong to other professions, should, for the sake of
equity and justice, be given the same privilege of becoming members of
corporations or partnerships which may be directly financially interested in
contracts with the Government or in any franchise or privilege that may be
granted by the National Assembly.
Mr. President, as I have stated at the start, the purpose of this precept is
to correct the present practice of some legislators who are financially
interested in some contracts with the Government. I sincerely believe that the
prohibition of direct financial interest is enough to correct such practice. The
prohibition against an indirect financial interest not only would be an
inadequate remedy but would, as I have said, bring about some anomalies. It
would be like a medicine which, while it cures the sickness of a patient, brings
about certain other complication.
EL PRESIDENTE: Se va a votar la enmienda. Los que esten conformes con la
misma que digan: Sí. (Una minoría: Sí) Los que no lo esten, que digan:
No. (Una mayoría: No.) Queda rechazada la enmienda.
Lease la enmienda Cloribel.
EL SECRETARIO:
“On page 13, line 8, strike out the words “The National Assembly” and insert
in lieu thereof the word “law”.
EL PRESIDENTE: La Mesa cree que esta enmienda debe referirse al Comité de
Estilo.
Léase la enmienda Vinzons.
EL SECRETARIO:
“On page 13, line 8, after the word “Assembly” insert the words “during such
term of office.”
MR. VINZONS: I move that this amendment be referred to the Committee on
Style.
EL PRESIDENTE: Como se pide.
Léase la enmienda Gullas, Francisco y otros.
EL SECRETARIO:
En la página 13, lineas 9 y 10, suprímanse las palabras: “as counsel before
any court inferior to the Court of Appeals, or.”
EL PRESIDENTE: ¿Qué dice el Comité?
SR. BRIONES: Preferimos dejar a la discreción de la Asamblea esta enmienda.
DISCURSO DEL SR. GULLAS
MR. GULLAS: Mr. President and Gentlemen of the Convention: There are various
amendments to strike out the three prohibitions against lawyers’ appearing in
certain cases. These prohibitions appear on lines 8 to 14, page 13 of the draft.
Said lines read as follows: “… Nor shall any such Member appear as counsel
before in any court inferior to the Court of Appeals, or before any other court
in any civil case wherein the Government or any subdivision or instrumentality
thereof is the adverse party, or collect any fee for his appearance in any
administrative proceedings”. Now, there are various amendments presented by the
following Gentlemen: Sanchez, Sevilla, Cruz, Kintanar, Carin, Cuenco, Gullas and
later on by Guzman, A. Mr. President, we have come to an agreement to present a
joint amendment accepting the very wording expressed in my amendment and which
is also expressed by Cuenco amendment, which reads as follows: “strike out the
following words “before any court inferior to the Court of Appeals, or” and on
line 10, strike out the word “other.” In other words, just strike out the words,
“prohibiting the lawyers from appearing in cases in the Court of First Instance
and the Justice of the Peace Courts”. I understand that this amendment is
accepted by the Committee.
APROBACIÓN DE LA ENMIENDA GULLAS Y OTROS
EL PRESIDENTE: Se va a votar la enmienda. Los que estén conformes con la
misma, que digan: Sí. (Varios Delegacies: Sí). Los que no lo
esten, que digan: No. (Varios Delegados: No). División.
Los que estén conformes con la enmienda, tengan la bondad de ponerse de pie.
(67 Delegados se levantan.) Los que no lo estén, tengan la
bondad de hacer lo propio. (36 Delegados se levantan.)
Por 67 votos afirmativos contra 36 negativos, se aprueba la enmienda.
MOCIÓN DE RECONSIDERACIÓN
SR. ORENSE : Señor Presidente, presento la moción de que se reconsidere la
enmienda que acaba de aprobar se.
EL PRESIDENTE: Los que estén conformes con que se reconsidere que digan
Sí. (Una minoriía: Sí.) Los que no lo estén, que digan
No. (Una mayoría: No.) Queda rechazada la enmienda.
MR. GULLAS: Mr. President, I understand that various delegates, authors of
the amendment, have asked permission of the Chair to speak.
EL SECRETARIO:
Del Señor Mumar:
En la pagina 13, línea 8, sustitúyanse las palabras: “nor shall any such
member” por las siguientes: “No Member of the Permanent Commission
shall.”
MR. MUMAR: Mr. President, I request that my amendment be considered after the
consideration of the question as to whether or not we shall have the Permanent
Commission.
THE PRESIDENT: In view of this amendment approved by the Assembly, that
amendment should be withdrawn..
MR. MUMAR: I withdraw
MR. DIKIT: I have a amendment which consists in adding after the word “party”
in line 12, page 13, the phrase “or in any criminal case wherein in an officer
or employee of the Government is the accused.
Mr. President and Gentlemen of the Convention: My amendment is very short.
After the word “party” on line 12, I propose to add the following phrase, “or in
any criminal case wherein an officer or employee of the Government is the
accused.” My reason for this, Gentlemen, is that it is improper or unethical for
the members national assembly to appear in court in a criminal case wherein an
officer of government is accused of malversation of public funds. I have
actually experienced a situation wherein a have accused some government officers
of malversation of public funds, with Senators and other lawyers defending them.
There was a instance wherein, I believe, the accused was required to resign in
view of the fact that he was a very influential Government official; and,
through the influence of the Senators, who defended him, he was excluded from
the criminal prosecution. So, Gentlemen, I believe that we should not allow a
situation such as this to occur again. I believe that it is very embarrassing
for the employee performing his duty to see that instead of cooperating in the
prosecution of those who have malversed public funds, some officers of the
Government are the ones defending them, appearing as counsel for the
defense.
MR. ESCAREAL: I suppose the Getleman is speaking of cases of malversation.
How about cases like treason or other statutory crimes? Does the constitutional
prohibition apply to them also?
MR.DIKIT: I believe so, because is seems to me that it is the duty of all
officers of the Government to eliminate all undesirable officials from the
Government service. I submit this to the decision of the Convention.
EL PRESIDENTE: ¿Puede votarse la enmienda? (Varios Delegados: Sí).
Los que estén conformes con la enmienda, que digan: Sí. (Varios Delegados:
Sí.) Los que no lo estén, que digan No. (Varios Delegados:
No). División.
Los que estén conformes con la enmienda, tengan la bondad de levantarse.
(57 Delegados se levantan.) Los que no lo estén, que tengan la bondad de
levantarse también. (33 Delegados se levantan.)
Por cincuenta y siete votos afirmativos contra treinta y tres negatives, se
aprueba la enmienda.
Léase otra enmienda.
EL SECRETARIO:
By Delegate Maramara and Cloribel.
Page 13, lines 13 and 14, strike out all appearing on said lines.
MR. CLORIBEL: Mr. President.
MR. MARAMARA: Mr. President, with the recent passage of the amendment of Mr.
Gullas and others, what becomes of our amendment? Is it approved or disapproved?
THE PRESIDENT: In connection with administrative cases only.
MR. CLORIBEL: May I explain our amendments? Mr. President and Gentlemen of
the Convention: The aim of this precept is to avoid suspicion of partiality in
the decisions in administrative proceedings where politicians are intervening
for the defense. Unless the Members of the National Assembly are excluded from
appearing there will always be that suspicion. The best remedy is to prohibit
completely the Members of the National Assembly from appearing in court in any
administrative proceedings. It is not enough that we provide that they should
not receive any fee for their appearance. The contract for services is personal
in nature. Whether it is oral, or written, the payment of compensation may never
be discovered. Nobody has the right to ask when a Member of the Assembly has
collected his fees for appearing in any administrative proceedings. I,
therefore, request the Assembly to do away with this provision.
EL PRESIDENTE: ¿Que dice el Comité?
SR. BRIONES: El Comité siente no poder aceptar la enmienda y pide que se
vote.
EL PRESIDENTE: Los que estén conformes con la enmienda, que digan: Sí
(Varies Delegados: Sí). Los que no lo estén, que digan: No (Varios
Delegados: No). Queda rechazada la enmienda. Léase otra enmienda.
EL SECRETARIO:
Léase la enmienda Buslón y otros.
On page 13, between lines 14 and 15, insert the following: “and shall any
Member appear as counsel before the Electoral Commission provided for in this
Constitution.”
EL PRESIDENTE: ¿Qué dice el Comité?
SR. BRIONES: El Comité acepta la enmienda y pide que se vote.
EL PRESIDENTE: Los que estén conformes con la enmienda, que digan Sí.
(Varios Delegados: Sí). Los que no lo estén, que digan: no (Varios
Delegados: No). Queda aprobada la enmienda.
EL SECRETARIO: Léase la enmienda Buslón y otros.
On page 13, between lines 14 and 15, insert the following:
“(11) upon the petition of one third of the total number of the registered
voters of a given district, the National Assembly shall submit to the electorate
of such district the question of recalling the Member of the National Assembly
from that district. If the majority of the votes are for the recall of said
Member, the office of such Member becomes vacant and a new election to fill such
vacancy shall be held in accordance with law. Members of the National Assembly
may be recalled only for incompetence, grave immorality, culpable violation of
the Constitution, treason, bribery, and other crimes.”
MR. BUSLON: I move that this amendment be voted without debate.
EL PRESIDENTE: El autor pide que se vote.
Los que estén conformes con la mocion, que digan: Sí. (Varies Delegados: Sí ). Los que no lo estén, que digan No. (Una mayoria: No.). Queda rechazada.
LEVANTAMIENTO DE LA SESIÓN
EL PRESIDENTE: Señores Delegados: Voy a proponerles que levantemos la sesión
para que nos reunamos en una conferencia conjunta; con el objeto de que podamos
tratar de la manera como podríamos despachar mas expeditamente los trabajos de
la Convención, aqui mismo. Si no hay ninguna objeción, asi se acuerda.
(No da. (No hubo objeción.)
Se levanta la sesion hasta manana.
Eran las 7:50. p.m.