### Facts:
The consolidated petitions before the Supreme Court of the Philippines challenge the constitutionality of Section 11(b) of Republic Act No. 6646, otherwise known as the Electoral Reforms Law of 1987. The petitioners consist of representatives from the mass media who argue that the prohibition against selling or donating space and time for political advertisements violates the constitutional guarantees of freedom of expression. The provision specifically prohibits newspapers, radio, and television stations, among other media outlets, from selling or offering free print space or air time for campaign or political purposes except to the Commission on Elections (COMELEC) as provided under Section 90 and 92 of Batas Pambansa Blg. 881. The respondents, represented by the COMELEC, insist that the provision aims to ensure equal opportunity among candidates by regulating the media’s role in the election process.
### Issues:
The Supreme Court was tasked with determining:
1. Whether Section 11(b) of Republic Act No. 6646 constitutes an infringement of the constitutional guarantees of freedom of speech and freedom of the press.
2. If Section 11(b) serves a constitutionally permissible purpose that outweighs potential limitations on freedom of speech and press.
### Court’s Decision:
The Supreme Court, through Justice Feliciano, dismissed the petitions for lack of merit. The court held that Section 11(b), in conjunction with Sections 90 and 92 of the Omnibus Election Code, is a permissible exercise of the state’s supervisory or regulatory authority over the operation of media enterprises during election periods.
The Court recognized the essential role that freedom of speech and the press play in a democratic society, especially concerning the electoral process. However, it emphasized that these freedoms are not absolute and can be subject to regulation, particularly when it involves ensuring equal opportunity and preventing the undue advantage of wealthier candidates.
The Court found that Section 11(b) was limited in scope and duration, applying only during election periods and specifically targeted at paid political advertisements. The provision does not restrict media from reporting news or expressing opinions about candidates and election issues.
### Doctrine:
This decision reiterates the doctrine that the freedoms of speech and press are not absolute and may be subject to regulation to ensure equal opportunity in the electoral process and to prevent the undue influence of wealth in elections.
### Class Notes:
– **Freedom of Speech and Press in Election Context:** The case demonstrates how freedom of speech and press can be regulated during election periods to ensure equal opportunities among candidates.
– **Regulation of Media during Elections:** It highlights the state’s authority to regulate media operations to ensure fair and credible elections.
– **Balancing of Interests:** The decision underscores the balancing act the court must perform between protecting constitutional freedoms and achieving legitimate state objectives, such as electoral fairness.
### Historical Background:
This case reflects the ongoing tension between ensuring free expression in democratic processes and preventing the distortion of elections by economic disparities among candidates. It underscores the Philippine government’s efforts through legislation, including Republic Act No. 6646, to reform electoral practices and address concerns over equity and integrity in elections.
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