. March 12, 1923

Six members of the bar of Sorsogon who, together, make claim to at least 50
per cent of the law practice of that province, have filed a verified petition in
this court praying for the removal from office of the Honorable Tomas
Flordeliza, Judge of First Instance of the Sixteenth Judicial District. The
charges laid against the respondent Judge are, in general: (1) That on different
occasions the respondent certified falsely as to the status of the cases pending
decision before him, in violation of section 129 of the Administrative Code; (2)
that the respondent is guilty of delay and lack of diligence in the disposition
of the cases pending before him, in violation of section 165 of the
Administrative Code, and generally accepted principles which determine judicial
standards; and (3) that the respondent is guilty of partiality in the
performance of his official duties.

A copy of the above-mentioned complaint was, by order of the court, furnished
the respondent Judge, with instructions to answer the same. In response to this
order, Judge Flordeliza has filed a verified answer, denying each and every
charge, and suggesting the disbarment of the complainants. Certificates from the
provincial commander of the Philippine Constabulary, the provincial governor of
Sorsogon, and Attorney Robert E. Manly, as to the moral conduct, social
standing, and integrity of the respondent have been furnished. The records of
the cases in question have also been forwarded by the respondent.

We feel that we have before us all of the facts which are necessary for the
disposition of this matter. For this reason, therefore, we forego referring the
charges to the Attorney-General for investigation and proceed to dispose of them
as justice requires. For purposes of convenience, the order of the charges as
found in the complaint will be departed from.

One charge is that the respondent Judge has proceeded in many cases with
manifest and evident partiality. It is alleged that the Judge has deferred
unduly to the accused Father Casiano de Vera, the accused Fermin Barranechea,
the justice of the peace Gillego de Vera, the justice of the peace Felix
Gallego, and Amado Gimenez, municipal president of Bacu, Sorsogon. It is further
alleged that the Judge has acted with discourtesy toward the complainants, while
showing a spirit of condescension to attorneys Francisco Arellano and Federico
Jimenez. The respondent, on the other hand, proferred satisfactory explanation
of these matters, mentioned in the complaint. At best a charge of partiality is
difficult to prove and is one which is to be expected from disgruntled
lawyers.

Under the subject of negligent performance of the duties of his office to the
grave prejudice of the public interest, complainants allege that there are too
many cases placed on the calendar for one day. Even without taking into
consideration the expected explanation of the respondent, this, obviously, is a
question which must rest in the discretion of the presiding Judge.

Under the same subject, it is further alleged that court sessions are held
only for three hours and a half each day, while section 165 of the
Administrative Code calls for not less than five-hour sessions of courts of
first instance except on Saturdays. The respondent answers that he has held
court for five hours each day as prescribed by the law. We accept the statement
of his Honor.

Under the same subject, attention is invited to the fact that only 11 civil
cases and 107 criminal cases, making a total of 118 cases were decided by Judge
Flordeliza during the year 1921. The respondent Judge, on the contrary, states
that 66 civil cases, 190 criminal cases, and 9 complaints against justices of
the peace, or a total of 265 cases were disposed of. The annual report of the
clerk of court of Sorsogon for the year 1921 shows that 11 ordinary civil cases,
4 probate cases, 3 land registration cases, 9 administrative investigations, and
81 criminal cases were decided during the year. The same report shows that 256
ordinary civil cases, 104 probate cases, 11 land registration cases, 1
administrative investigation, and 266 criminal cases, or a total of 638 cases
were pending on December 31, 1921. As of September 30, 1922, according to data
furnished by the office of the Attorney-General, 236 criminal cases, 262 civil
cases, 108 probate cases, and 8 land registration cases, making 614 cases in all
were pending decision in Sorsogon.

Under the same subject of negligence, the serious charge is made that there
has been great delay in the disposition of criminal cases in which the accused
is without bail. The time which has elapsed between the arrest of the defendant
and the trial in these cases is between four months and nine months. In
response, the Judge contends: (1) That he is not responsible for the accused
before the complaint or information is filed; (2) that the postponements have
been due to the failure of Government witnesses to appear; and (3) that where
the complaint or information is filed in March or April, he may set the case for
trial when court reopens in July or August.

We postpone our comment on the last two phases of the complaint until we
reach an analysis of the case later on in the opinion.

The last and most serious charge presented, having a close relationship with
the congestion of cases on the docket of the Court of First Instance of
Sorsogon, the delay in the disposition of these cases, especially criminal
cases, and the lack of diligence in catching up with the court work, concerns
the alleged false certification of the respondent under section 129 of the
Administrative Code, in order to secure the payment of his salary. Attention is
invited to a number of cases which were decided beyond the ninety-day period
mentioned in the law, and, with certain qualifications, these facts are admitted
by the respondent. The latter, however, offers four reasons or, more accurately
speaking, excuses, for this state of affairs. He says in the first place that
the time taken by stenographers in transcribing their notes should not be
counted in the computation of the ninety-day period. He contends in the next
place that the vacation period should be excluded. He asserts in the next place
that the period should begin to run from the date the clerk reported the case
for decision. And, lastly, his construction of the law is, that an oral decision
is sufficient.

The admitted facts require of us an interpretation and construction of
section 129 of the Administrative Code, not alone to set right the respondent
Judge, but in order to lay down a definite ruling for the benefit of all the
members of the judiciary to whom the law applies. Said section 129, derived from
Act No. 1552, reads as follows:

“Judges and auxiliary judges of first instance, judges of municipal courts,
and justices of the peace shall certify on their applications for leave, and
upon salary vouchers presented by them for payment, or upon the pay rolls upon
which their salaries are paid, that all special proceedings, applications,
petitions, demurrers, motions, and all civil and criminal cases which have been
under submission for decision or determination for a period of ninety days or
more have been determined and decided on or before the date of making the
certificate, and no leave shall be granted and no salary shall be paid without
such certificate.

“In case any special proceeding, application, petition, demurrer, motion,
civil or criminal case is resubmitted upon the voluntary application or consent
in writing of all the parties to the case, cause, or proceeding, and not
otherwise, the ninety days herein prescribed within which a decision should be
made shall begin to run from the date of such resubmission.”

The law requires that before leave shall be granted or salary shall be paid
to any judge or auxiliary judge of first instance, he shall make a certificate
that all cases and proceedings which have been under submission for
determination or decision for a period of ninety days or more have been
determined and decided on or before the date of making the certificate. The key
words, needing construction, are “determined and decided.”

The word “determined” is hardly the equivalent of “decided” and does not have
quite as far-reaching a meaning. “Determine,” it has been said, does not mean
more than tried. (Goddard vs. Fullam [1865], 38 Vt., 75.) “Decided” or
“decide,” according to the lexicographers, is denned as “to form a definite
opinion,” “to render judgment.” (In re Milford & M. R. R. [1895], 68
N. H., 570.) In this jurisdiction, upon the trial of a question of fact, the
decision of the court must be given in writing and filed with the clerk. (C. C.
P., sec. 133.)

The meaning given to section 129 of the Administrative Code by the respondent
Judge would result in qualifying the law where no such qualifications were
intended. With special reference to the answer of the respondent Judge, we state
that the vacation months should not be excluded in the computation of the
ninety-day period prescribed by law, that the time should begin to run from the
submission of the case, without awaiting notification from the clerk of court,
and that an oral decision is not sufficient. As to the point that the time taken
by a stenographer to transcribe his notes should not be taken into
consideration, no hard and fast rule can be laid down. The general rule would be
to conform with the intent of the law and thus not to permit decisions to be
delayed for this reason, but conceivably special circumstances may arise, which
cannot now be imagined, which would force the trial judge to await the
transcription of the stenographer’s notes for long periods of time; when they do
the judge should so state.

Sometimes, in the United States, judges are prohibited from drawing their
salaries so long as cases that have been submitted to them for decision for
ninety days remain undecided. California is an instance of a jurisdiction with
such a provision appearing in its Constitution. The law there is, however,
somewhat more extensive and explicit than in the Philippines, because applying
to members of the Supreme Court as well as to members of inferior courts, and
because of this further provision: “In the determination of causes, all
decisions of the Supreme Court and of the district courts of appeal shall be
given in writing and the grounds of the decision shall be stated.” (23 Cyc.,
528; 5 Henning, General Laws of California, lxxxv; Meyers vs. Kenfield
[1881], 62 Cal., 512.)

The purpose of the Philippine Legislature in placing section 129 of the
Administrative Code and related provisions on the statute books is evident. With
the judicial facts before it, the Legislature must have had in mind a forceful
method reaching the pockets of the judges by which to spur them on to greater
activity. This wise and salutary legislation it is now for this Tribunal to
vitalize by equally wise and salutary interpretation and enforcement.

Much of the popular criticism of the courts which, it must be frankly
admitted, is all too often justified, is based on the laws’ delay. Congested
conditions of court dockets is deplorable and intolerable. It can have no other
result than the loss of evidence, the abandonment of cases, and the denial and
frequent defeat of justice. It lowers the standards of the courts, and brings
them into disrepute.

The statistics relating to the unsatisfactory condition of judicial business
in the Philippines are a matter of public knowledge. Said the report of the
Special Mission to the Philippines: “The judges in too many courts do not
realize the necessity of reaching early and prompt decisions and are too ready
to postpone hearings and trials.” It is known, also, that His Excellency, the
Governor-General, and the Secretary of Justice, have given their attention to
the subject, and have endeavored by all legitimate means to aid in cleaning up
the court dockets. The members of the Supreme Court in an effort to do their
part have cheerfully foregone vacations in order to catch up with accumulated
legal business. But for the best results to attain, there must be judicial
teamwork reaching from the capital to the most remote district, and from the
highest to the lowest judicial officer.

One of the proposed canons for a decalogue for the judiciary is this: “The
judge must cultivate a capacity for Quick decision. Habits of indecision must be
sedulously overcome. He must not delay by slothfulness of mind or body the
judgment to which a party is entitled.” We write down our conformity.

The provision of law which is authority for this decision is section 173 of
the Administrative Code, relating to the removal and suspension of Judges of
First Instance. The grounds for removal of a judge of first instance therein
provided are two: (1) Serious misconduct, and (2) inefficiency. In a recent
decision on the general subject of impeachment of judges of first instance, it
was said that for serious misconduct to exist, there must he reliable evidence
showing that the judicial acts complained of were corrupt or inspired by an
intention to violate the law, or were in persistent disregard of well-known
legal rules. Again, it was said that impeachment proceedings are in their nature
highly penal in character, and are governed by the rules of law applicable to
criminal cases. The charges must therefore be proved beyond a reasonable doubt.
(In re Impeachment of Honorable Antonio Horrilleno [1922], 43 Phil.,
212.)

At common law there was an offense known as extortion in office, which was
the taking by color of office, of money or other thing of value that is not due,
before it is due, or more than is due. It has been held that a judge is
removable from office for demanding and receiving compensation to which he is
not entitled, and this is so notwithstanding he acts in good faith and in an
honest belief that he id entitled to such compensation. The strict doctrine of
these cases is: Here is one bad act; you ought not to have an opportunity to
commit another. (15 R. C. L., 551; Commonwealth vs. Chambers [1829], 1 J.
J. Marsh., 108; State ex rel. Rowe vs. District Court [1911], 44
Mont., 318; 27 Ann. Cas., 396, and note; Brackenridge vs. State [1889],
27 Tex. App., 513; 4 L. R. A., 360.)

That we do not adopt the rather harsh doctrines of these American cases is
because the statutes there in question differ from ours and because we are not
prepared to say that a judge should be separated from office where he apparently
is acting in good faith, under a misconception of the law.

In conclusion, therefore, we have decided to pay no particular attention to
the general charges of partiality and negligence which have been filed against
Judge Flordeliza. We do find, however, that he has not displayed that interest
in his office which stops not at the minimum of the day’s labors fixed by law,
and which ceases not at the expiration of official sessions, but which proceeds
diligently on holidays and by artificial light and even into vacation periods.
Only thus can he do his part in the great work of speeding up the administration
of justice and of rehabilitating the judiciary in the estimation of the people.
The mountain of six or seven hundred pending cases in Sorsogon could be removed
by a judge of first instance of alert mind and quick decision, not afraid of
work, with the aid of a helpful bar and a sympathetic government.

As wilful and intentional wrongdoing in receiving compensation has not been
demonstrated, we are not prepared to find that sufficient cause exists in our
judgment involving serious misconduct or inefficiency as warrants us in
recommending the removal of the respondent Judge to the Governor-General. We
will take such a step if future derelictions of duty of this character
recur.

Correcting, therefore, Judge of First Instance Tomas Flordeliza in his wrong
construction of section 129 of the Administrative Code, and admonishing him to
proceed more assiduously in the performance of his judicial labors, it is our
order that these proceedings be filed without further action. Copies of this
decision shall be furnished the complainants, the respondent, and His
Excellency, the Governor-General.

Araullo, C.J., Street, Avanceña,
Villamor, Ostrand, Johns, and Romualdez, JJ., concur.